遍历HashMap的方法有多种，比如通过获取map的keySet, entrySet, iterator之后，都可以实现遍历，然而如果在遍历过程中对map进行读取之外的操作则需要注意使用的遍历方式和操作方法。
private static Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
public static void main(String[] args) {
//init
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
map.put(i, "value" + i);
}
for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
Integer key = entry.getKey();
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
map.remove(key);
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}
System.out.println("map size = " + map.size());
for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
System.out.println( entry.getKey() +" = " + entry.getValue());
}
}
}
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public class MapIteratorTest {
private static Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
public static void main(String[] args) {
//init
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
map.put(i, "value" + i);
}
for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
Integer key = entry.getKey();
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
map.remove(key);
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}
System.out.println("map size = " + map.size());
for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
System.out.println( entry.getKey() +" = " + entry.getValue());
}
}
}
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上面代码的输出结果为
The key 0 was deleted
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793)
at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:834)
at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:832)
at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:60)
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To delete key 0
The key 0 was deleted
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793)
at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:834)
at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:832)
at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:60)
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通过上面的输出可以发现第一个偶数key元素已经被成功remove，异常的抛出位置是在迭代器遍历下一个元素的时候。
如果把上面高亮的遍历代码替换成keySet的方式，通过keySet的remove操作同样会在遍历下个元素时抛出异常，示例如下。
for(Integer key : keySet){
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
keySet.remove(key);
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}
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Set<Integer> keySet = map.keySet();
for(Integer key : keySet){
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
keySet.remove(key);
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}
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The key 0 was deleted
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793)
at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(HashMap.java:828)
at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:49)
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To delete key 0
The key 0 was deleted
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793)
at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(HashMap.java:828)
at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:49)
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如果要实现遍历过程中进行remove操作，上面两种方式都不能使用，而是需要通过显示获取keySet或entrySet的iterator来实现。
while(it.hasNext()){
Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = it.next();
Integer key = entry.getKey();
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
it.remove();
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}
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Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> it = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = it.next();
Integer key = entry.getKey();
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
it.remove();
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}
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The key 0 was deleted
To delete key 2
The key 2 was deleted
To delete key 4
The key 4 was deleted
To delete key 6
The key 6 was deleted
To delete key 8
The key 8 was deleted
map size = 5
1 = value1
3 = value3
5 = value5
7 = value7
9 = value9
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To delete key 0
The key 0 was deleted
To delete key 2
The key 2 was deleted
To delete key 4
The key 4 was deleted
To delete key 6
The key 6 was deleted
To delete key 8
The key 8 was deleted
map size = 5
1 = value1
3 = value3
5 = value5
7 = value7
9 = value9
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分析原因
其实上面的三种遍历方式从根本上讲都是使用的迭代器，之所以出现不同的结果是由于remove操作的实现不同决定的。
首先前两种方法都在调用nextEntry方法的同一个地方抛出了异常
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Entry<K,V> e = next;
...
...
}
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final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Entry<K,V> e = next;
...
...
}
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这里modCount是表示map中的元素被修改了几次(在移除，新加元素时此值都会自增)，而expectedModCount是表示期望的修改次数，在迭代器构造的时候这两个值是相等，如果在遍历过程中这两个值出现了不同步就会抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常。
1、HashMap的remove方法实现
Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
return (e == null ? null : e.value);
}
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public V remove(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
return (e == null ? null : e.value);
}
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2、HashMap.KeySet的remove方法实现
return HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(o) != null;
}
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public boolean remove(Object o) {
return HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(o) != null;
}
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3、HashMap.HashIterator的remove方法实现
if (current == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Object k = current.key;
current = null;
HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
expectedModCount = modCount;
}
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public void remove() {
if (current == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Object k = current.key;
current = null;
HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
expectedModCount = modCount;
}
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以上三种实现方式都通过调用HashMap.removeEntryForKey方法来实现删除key的操作。在removeEntryForKey方法内只要移除了key modCount就会执行一次自增操作，此时modCount就与expectedModCount不一致了，上面三种remove实现中，只有第三种iterator的remove方法在调用完removeEntryForKey方法后同步了expectedModCount值与modCount相同，所以在遍历下个元素调用nextEntry方法时，iterator方式不会抛异常。
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
Entry<K,V> e = prev;
while (e != null) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
modCount++;
size--;
if (prev == e)
table[i] = next;
else
prev.next = next;
e.recordRemoval(this);
return e;
}
prev = e;
e = next;
}
return e;
}
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final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
Entry<K,V> e = prev;
while (e != null) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
modCount++;
size--;
if (prev == e)
table[i] = next;
else
prev.next = next;
e.recordRemoval(this);
return e;
}
prev = e;
e = next;
}
return e;
}
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发散
1、如果是遍历过程中增加或修改数据呢？
增加或修改数据只能通过Map的put方法实现，在遍历过程中修改数据可以，但如果增加新key就会在下次循环时抛异常，因为在添加新key时modCount也会自增。
2、有些集合类也有同样的遍历问题，如ArrayList，通过Iterator方式可正确遍历完成remove操作，直接调用list的remove方法就会抛异常。
for(String str : list){
list.remove(str);
}
//正确遍历移除方式
Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
it.next();
it.remove();
}
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//会抛ConcurrentModificationException异常
for(String str : list){
list.remove(str);
}
//正确遍历移除方式
Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
it.next();
it.remove();
}
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3、jdk为什么这样设计，只允许通过iterator进行remove操作？
HashMap和keySet的remove方法都可以通过传递key参数删除任意的元素，而iterator只能删除当前元素(current)，一旦删除的元素是iterator对象中next所正在引用的，如果没有通过modCount、 expectedModCount的比较实现快速失败抛出异常，下次循环该元素将成为current指向，此时iterator就遍历了一个已移除的过期数据。