OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

2023-07-17 09:16:34

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

本文梳理了OS X 和iOS 系统中提供的多线程技术。并且对这些技术的使用给出了一些实用的建议。

多线程的目的：通过并发执行提高 CPU 的使用效率，进而提供程序运行效率。

1.线程和进程

进程

  • 什么是进程

    • 进程是指在计算机系统中正在运行的一个应用程序
    • 每个进程之间是独立的，每个进程均运行中其专用且受保护的内存空间内

  • 比如同时打开 Xcode 、Safari ,系统就会分别启动两个进程

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

  • 通过活动监视器可以查看Mac系统中所开启的进程

线程

  • 什么是线程
    • 一个进程要想执行任务，必须得有线程（每个线程至少有一条线程，即主线程）
    • 一个进程的所有任务都做线程中执行
  • 比如使用酷狗播放音乐、使用迅雷下载电影，都需要在线程中执行

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

线程的执行方式

  • 一个线程中的任务的执行是串行的
    • 如果要在一个线程中执行多个任务，那么只能一个一个地按顺序执行这些任务
    • 同一时间内，一个线程只能执行一个任务
  • 线程是进程中的一条执行路径，它内部任务是串行执行的

多线程

  • 什么是多线程
    • 一个进程中可以开启多条线程，每条线程可以并行（同时）执行不同的任务
    • 进程好比车间，线程好比车间工人
    • 多线程技术可以提高程序的执行效率
  • 如同时开启3条线程分别下载3个文件

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

  • 多线程的原理
    • 同一时间，CPU只能处理1条线程，只有1条线程在工作（执行）
    • 多线程并发（同时）执行，其实是CPU快速地在多条线程之间调度（切换）
    • 如果CPU调度线程的时间足够快，就造成了多线程并发执行的假象

思考：如果线程非常非常多，会发生什么情况？

CPU会在N多线程之间调度，CPU会累死，消耗大量的CPU资源

每条线程被调度执行的频次会降低（线程的执行效率降低）

多线程的优缺点

  • 多线程的优点

    • 能适当提高程序的执行效率
    • 能适当提高资源利用率（CPU、内存利用率）

  • 多线程的缺点

    • 创建线程是有开销的，iOS下主要成本包括：内核数据结构（大约1KB）、栈空间（子线程512KB、主线程1MB，也可以使用-setStackSize:设置，但必须是4K的倍数，而且最小是16K），创建线程大约需要90毫秒的创建时间
    • 如果开启大量的线程，会降低程序的性能
    • 线程越多，CPU在调度线程上的开销就越大
    • 程序设计更加复杂：比如线程之间的通信、多线程的数据共享

2 多线程在iOS开发中的应用

  • 什么是主线程

    • 一个iOS程序运行后，默认会开启1条线程，称为“主线程”或“UI线程”

  • 主线程的主要作用

    • 显示\刷新UI界面
    • 处理UI事件（比如点击事件、滚动事件、拖拽事件等）

  • 主线程的使用注意

    • 别将比较耗时的操作放到主线程中
    • 耗时操作会卡住主线程，严重影响UI的流畅度，给用户一种“卡”的坏体验

iOS中多线程的实现方案

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

3. pthread 创建线程的简单使用

#import <pthread.h>  // 引入对应头文件

// 子线程调用的方法

void * run(void *param)

{

    for (NSInteger i = 0; i<50000; i++) {

        NSLog(@"------buttonClick---%zd--%@", i, [NSThread currentThread]);

    }

    return NULL;

}

// 使用pthread 创建子线程并执行

- (IBAction)buttonClick:(id)sender {

    pthread_t thread;

    pthread_create(&thread, NULL, run, NULL);

    pthread_t thread2;

    pthread_create(&thread2, NULL, run, NULL);

}

4 NSThread

4.1 一个NSThread对象就代表一条线程

  • 创建、启动线程
NSThread *thread = [[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(run) object:nil];

[thread start];
  • 主线程相关用法
+ (NSThread *)mainThread; // 获得主线程

- (BOOL)isMainThread; // 是否为主线程

+ (BOOL)isMainThread; // 是否为主线程
  • 获得当前线程
NSThread *current = [NSThread currentThread];
  • 线程的名字
- (void)setName:(NSString *)name;

- (NSString *)name;

4.2 其他创建线程的方式

  • 创建线程后自动启动线程
[NSThread detachNewThreadSelector:@selector(run) toTarget:self withObject:nil];
  • 隐式创建并启动线程
[self performSelectorInBackground:@selector(run) withObject:nil];

上述2种创建线程方式的优缺点

  • 优点：简单快捷
  • 缺点：无法对线程进行更详细的设置

4.3 线程的状态

当一个线程被创建之后一共有 新建、就绪、运行、阻塞、死亡等几种状态。

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

当系统新创建一个子线程会将该线程放入到可调度线程池中，此时处于就绪状态，当系统调度它执行任务的时候，它就处于一个运行状态，如果该线程代用了sleep或加锁之后，他就处于线程阻塞状态，此时线程会被移出可调度线程池，当sleep到时或者得到同步锁，线程又会解除阻塞状态回到就绪状态。当线程执行完任务之后被系统退出或者发生异常退出，就进入死亡状态。进入死亡状态就不能再次开启任务

  • 启动线程
(void)start;

// 进入就绪状态 -> 运行状态。当线程任务执行完毕，自动进入死亡状态
  • 阻塞（暂停）线程
+ (void)sleepUntilDate:(NSDate *)date;

+ (void)sleepForTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)ti;

+ // 进入阻塞状态
  • 强制停止线程
+ (void)exit;

// 进入死亡状态

5 多线程的安全隐患

  • 资源共享

    • 1块资源可能会被多个线程共享，也就是多个线程可能会访问同一块资源
    • 比如多个线程访问同一个对象、同一个变量、同一个文件

  • 当多个线程访问同一块资源时，很容易引发数据错乱和数据安全问题

安全隐患实例 -- 存取钱 && 卖票

同一个账户，多线程同时操作

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

如图，多个线程同时操作一个数据，导致 A 线程读到数据尚未修改完成之前，另一个线程 B 也同时读到了数据，当 B 要修改的时候，A 已经把原来的数据修改了，B 修改的数据依旧是之前的数据。这样就导致了多线程操作同一个数据的数据混乱。

安全隐患分析图示如下

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

安全隐患的解决

解决多线程的安全隐患，就加一个互斥锁，当一个线程访问并操作数据的时候，锁住对应数据，防止其他线程访问，当该线程访问数据并操作完，放开互斥锁，其他线程再进行访问。

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

  • 互斥锁使用格式
@synchronized(锁对象) { // 需要锁定的代码  }

注意：锁定1份代码只用1把锁，用多把锁是无效的

  • 互斥锁的优缺点

    • 优点：能有效防止因多线程抢夺资源造成的数据安全问题
    • 缺点：需要消耗大量的CPU资源

  • 互斥锁的使用前提：多条线程抢夺同一块资源

  • 相关专业术语：线程同步
    线程同步的意思是：多条线程在同一条线上执行（按顺序地执行任务）
    互斥锁，就是使用了线程同步技术

6 原子和非原子属性

  • OC在定义属性时有nonatomic和atomic两种选择

    • atomic：原子属性，为setter方法加锁（默认就是atomic）
    • nonatomic：非原子属性，不会为setter方法加锁

  • nonatomic和atomic对比

    • atomic：线程安全，需要消耗大量的资源
    • nonatomic：非线程安全，适合内存小的移动设备

iOS开发的建议

  • 所有属性都声明为nonatomic
  • 尽量避免多线程抢夺同一块资源
  • 尽量将加锁、资源抢夺的业务逻辑交给服务器端处理，减小移动客户端的压力

7 线程间通信

  • 什么叫做线程间通信
    在1个进程中，线程往往不是孤立存在的，多个线程之间需要经常进行通信

  • 线程间通信的体现
    1个线程传递数据给另1个线程
    在1个线程中执行完特定任务后，转到另1个线程继续执行任务

  • 线程间通信常用方法

- (void)performSelectorOnMainThread:(SEL)aSelector withObject:(id)arg waitUntilDone:(BOOL)wait;

- (void)performSelector:(SEL)aSelector onThread:(NSThread *)thr withObject:(id)arg waitUntilDone:(BOOL)wait;
  • 线程间通信实例-图片下载

主线程需要展示图片，图片下载比较耗时，就放到子线程去操作。当子线程图片下载完成后，回到主线程进行图片赋值并展示。

OS X 和iOS 中的多线程技术（上）

小结

本篇文章主要讲解了多线程的一些基础知识和 pthread 和 NSTread 两种多线程方案。接下来会在下一篇文章中介绍 GCD 和 NSOpreation 的使用。

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body{ background-color: #f8f8f8;}
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h3.filename+pre{-moz-border-radius-topleft:0px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;-moz-border-radius-topright:0px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px}
p code,li code{display:inline-block;white-space:no-wrap;background:#fff;font-size:.8em;line-height:1.5em;color:#555;border:1px solid #ddd;-webkit-border-radius:0.4em;-moz-border-radius:0.4em;-ms-border-radius:0.4em;-o-border-radius:0.4em;border-radius:0.4em;padding:0 .3em;margin:-1px 0}
p pre code,li pre code{font-size:1em !important;background:none;border:none}

/*

Orginal Style from ethanschoonover.com/solarized (c) Jeremy Hull

*/

.hljs {
display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
padding: 0.5em;
background: #fdf6e3;
color: #657b83;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
}

.hljs-comment,
.diff .hljs-header,
.hljs-doctype,
.hljs-pi,
.lisp .hljs-string {
color: #93a1a1;
}

/* Solarized Green */
.hljs-keyword,
.hljs-winutils,
.method,
.hljs-addition,
.css .hljs-tag,
.hljs-request,
.hljs-status,
.nginx .hljs-title {
color: #859900;
}

/* Solarized Cyan */
.hljs-number,
.hljs-command,
.hljs-string,
.hljs-tag .hljs-value,
.hljs-rule .hljs-value,
.hljs-doctag,
.tex .hljs-formula,
.hljs-regexp,
.hljs-hexcolor,
.hljs-link_url {
color: #2aa198;
}

/* Solarized Blue */
.hljs-title,
.hljs-localvars,
.hljs-chunk,
.hljs-decorator,
.hljs-built_in,
.hljs-identifier,
.vhdl .hljs-literal,
.hljs-id,
.css .hljs-function,
.hljs-name {
color: #268bd2;
}

/* Solarized Yellow */
.hljs-attribute,
.hljs-variable,
.lisp .hljs-body,
.smalltalk .hljs-number,
.hljs-constant,
.hljs-class .hljs-title,
.hljs-parent,
.hljs-type,
.hljs-link_reference {
color: #b58900;
}

/* Solarized Orange */
.hljs-preprocessor,
.hljs-preprocessor .hljs-keyword,
.hljs-pragma,
.hljs-shebang,
.hljs-symbol,
.hljs-symbol .hljs-string,
.diff .hljs-change,
.hljs-special,
.hljs-attr_selector,
.hljs-subst,
.hljs-cdata,
.css .hljs-pseudo,
.hljs-header {
color: #cb4b16;
}

/* Solarized Red */
.hljs-deletion,
.hljs-important {
color: #dc322f;
}

/* Solarized Violet */
.hljs-link_label {
color: #6c71c4;
}

.tex .hljs-formula {
background: #eee8d5;
}
-->

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