1. http协议
请求的格式(request ---浏览器向服务器发送的消息)
请求方式: URL HTTP/1.1\r\n
K1:V1\r\n
K2:V2\r\n
\r\n
请求正文/请求体(get请求没有请求数据)
响应的格式(response ---服务端回复给浏览器的消息)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK # response headers 响应头
HTTP/1.1 状态码 状态描述\r\n
K1:V1\r\n
K2:V2\r\n
\r\n
响应数据(响应体) -HTML 状态码:
1XX
2XX 200
3XX 301 302 重定向
4xx 请求的问题
5xx 服务器的问题 url
http://www.cnblogs.com/majj?k1=v1&k2=v2 8种请求方式:
GET
POST
HEAD
PUT
DELETE
TRACE
OPTIONS
CONNECT
发请求到接收响应的流程:
. 在浏览器的地址栏中输入url,回车. 发送一个遵循HTTP协议的GET请求.
. 服务器接收到请求,获取到路径.根据路径执行对应的函数,获取想要的内容.
. 读取到一个HTML的文本,替换文本中的内容,生成一个新的HTML文本.
. 回复一个遵循HTTP协议的响应.
. 浏览器接收到响应,拿响应中的响应体,进行渲染.
import socket # 创建socket对象
sk = socket.socket() # 绑定IP和端口
sk.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8000)) # 监听
sk.listen() while True:
# 等待连接
conn, addr = sk.accept()
# 接收数据
data = conn.recv(8096)
print(data) # 返回状态行
conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n')
# 返回数据
conn.send(b'<h1>ok</h1>') # 关闭连接
conn.close()
socket服务端
浏览器端 输入地址 127.0.0.1:8000
2. web 框架(socket服务端)
功能:
a. socket 收发消息
b. 根据不同的路径返回不同的内容
c. 可以返回动态页面(字符串替换 -模板的渲染) jinja2 分类:
Django 实现b,c功能
flask 实现b功能
tornado 实现a,b,c功能 另类分类:
Django 大,重量级
其他 轻量级
import socket # 创建socket对象
server = socket.socket()
# 绑定IP和端口
server.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8000))
# 监听
server.listen() while 1:
# 等待连接
conn, addr = server.accept()
# 接收数据
data = conn.recv(1024)
data = data.decode('utf-8')
# print(data)
url = data.split()[1]
print(url) # 返回状态行
conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n') if url == '/oumei':
conn.send(b'<h1>oumei</h1>')
elif url == '/rihan':
conn.send(b'<h1>rihan</h1>')
else:
conn.send(b'<h1>404 not found</h1>') # 关闭连接
conn.close()
根据不同路径返回不同内容
import socket server = socket.socket()
server.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8000))
server.listen() def oumei(url):
ret = 'oumei -{}'.format(url) return ret.encode('utf-8') def rihan(url):
ret = 'rihan -{}'.format(url) return ret.encode('utf-8') while 1:
conn, addr = server.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
data = data.decode('utf-8')
url = data.split()[1]
print(url) conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n') if url == '/oumei':
ret = oumei(url)
elif url == '/rihan':
ret = rihan(url)
else:
ret = b'404 not found' conn.send(ret) conn.close()
函数版
import socket server = socket.socket()
server.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8000))
server.listen() def oumei(url):
ret = 'oumei -{}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8') def rihan(url):
ret = 'rihan//// - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8') def guochan(url):
ret = 'guochan - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8') list = [
('/oumei', oumei),
('/rihan', rihan),
('/guochan', guochan)
] while 1:
conn, addr = server.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
data = data.decode('utf-8')
url = data.split()[1]
print(url) conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n')
func = None
for el in list:
if el[0] == url:
func = el[1]
break if func:
ret = func(url)
else:
ret = b'404 not found' conn.send(ret)
conn.close()
函数进阶版
import socket
server = socket.socket()
server.bind(('127.0.0.1', 8000))
server.listen()
def oumei(url):
ret = 'oumei - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8')
def rihan(url):
ret = 'rihan//// - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8')
def guochan(url):
ret = 'guochan - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8')
def index(url):
with open('index.html', 'rb') as f:
ret = f.read()
return ret
list = [
('/oumei', oumei),
('/rihan', rihan),
('/guochan', guochan),
('/index', index),
]
while True:
# 等待连接
conn, addr = server.accept()
# 接收数据
data = conn.recv(8096)
data = data.decode('utf-8')
url = data.split()[1]
print(url)
# 返回状态行
conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n')
func = None
for i in list:
if i[0] == url:
func = i[1]
break
if func:
ret = func(url)
else:
ret = b'404 not found'
conn.send(ret)
# 关闭连接
conn.close()
返回HTML页面01
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style>
div{
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
line-height: 200px;
text-align: center;
background-color: greenyellow;
margin: 0 auto;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div><b>这里是index</b></div>
</body>
</html>
返回HTML页面02
import time
import socket server = socket.socket()
server.bind(('0.0.0.0', 8000)) server.listen() def oumei(url):
ret = 'oumei - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8') def rihan(url):
ret = 'rihan//// - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8') def guochan(url):
ret = 'guochan - {}'.format(url)
return ret.encode('utf-8') def index(url):
with open('index.html', 'rb') as f:
ret = f.read()
return ret def timer(url):
now = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
with open('time.html', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
data = f.read()
data = data.replace('@@time@@', now) return data.encode('utf-8') lst = [
('/oumei', oumei),
('/rihan', rihan),
('/guochan', guochan),
('/index', index),
('/time', timer),
] while 1:
conn,addr = server.accept()
data = conn.recv(1024)
data = data.decode('utf-8')
url = data.split()[1]
print(url) conn.send(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n')
func = None
for i in lst:
if i[0] == url:
func = i[1]
break if func:
ret = func(url)
else:
ret = b'404 not found' conn.send(ret) # 关闭连接
conn.close()
返回动态页面01
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>当前时间是: @@time@@ </h1>
</body>
</html>
返回动态页面02
"""
根据URL中不同的路径返回不同的内容--函数进阶版
返回HTML页面
让网页动态起来
wsgiref模块版
""" from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server # 将返回不同的内容部分封装成函数
def index(url):
# 读取index.html页面的内容
with open("index.html", "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
s = f.read()
# 返回字节数据
return bytes(s, encoding="utf8") def home(url):
with open("home.html", "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
s = f.read()
return bytes(s, encoding="utf8") def timer(url):
import time
with open("time.html", "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
s = f.read()
s = s.replace('@@time@@', time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
return bytes(s, encoding="utf8") # 定义一个url和实际要执行的函数的对应关系
list1 = [
("/index/", index),
("/home/", home),
("/time/", timer),
] def run_server(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html;charset=utf8'), ]) # 设置HTTP响应的状态码和头信息
url = environ['PATH_INFO'] # 取到用户输入的url
func = None
for i in list1:
if i[0] == url:
func = i[1]
break
if func:
response = func(url)
else:
response = b"404 not found!"
return [response, ] if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('127.0.0.1', 8090, run_server)
print("我在8090等你哦...")
httpd.serve_forever()
wsgi
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from jinja2 import Template def index(url):
# 读取HTML文件内容
with open("index2.html", "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
data = f.read()
template = Template(data) # 生成模板文件
ret = template.render({'name': 'wusir', 'hobby_list': ['马杀鸡', '喝酒', '烫头', '蹦迪']}) # 把数据填充到模板中
return bytes(ret, encoding="utf8") def home(url):
with open("home.html", "r", encoding="utf8") as f:
s = f.read()
return bytes(s, encoding="utf8") # 定义一个url和实际要执行的函数的对应关系
list1 = [
("/index/", index),
("/home/", home),
] def run_server(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html;charset=utf8'), ]) # 设置HTTP响应的状态码和头信息
url = environ['PATH_INFO'] # 取到用户输入的url
func = None
for i in list1:
if i[0] == url:
func = i[1]
break
if func:
response = func(url)
else:
response = b"404 not found!"
return [response, ] if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('127.0.0.1', 8090, run_server)
print("我在8090等你哦...")
httpd.serve_forever()
jinja2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>姓名：{{name}} </h1>
<h1>爱好：</h1>
<ul>
{% for hobby in hobby_list %}
<li>{{hobby}}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</body>
</html>
html2
3. Django
1. 下载
1. 命令行
pip install django==1.11.16
按住shift 右击文件夹
2. 创建项目
django-admin startproject 项目名 3. 启动项目
cd 切换到项目目录下 manage.py
pyhton .\manage.py runserver
# 默认端口号127.0.0.1:8000
pyhton .\manage.py runserver 80 把端口号改成80
pyhton .\manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:80 把IP改成0.0.0.0,端口号改成80
2. pycharm 启动项目
4. 配置:
TEMPLATES
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates'] # HTML文件要存放的地方 DATABASES 数据库, 可以配多个数据库 静态文件的配置
STATIC_URL = '/static/' # 别名
# 自己配置, 列表里写静态文件的路径, 可以配置多个路径
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
]
什么是静态文件?
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images) 等不常发生变化的文件