选择安装版本：

[http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/choosing-version.html]

Normally, if you are beginning to use MySQL for the first time or trying to port it to some system for which there is no binary distribution, use the most recent General Availability series listed in the preceding descriptions.由此，本文选择安装MySQL 5.6: Latest General Availability (Production) release

MySQL 安装选择上说：“We put a great deal of effort into ensuring that our binaries are built with the best possible options for optimal performance.”，由此可知，Generic Binaries安装有诸多优化，所以我们按此链接来做，Installing from a generic binary package in.tar.gzformat.

See Section 2.2, “Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries” for more information.

下载http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/#current-tab，我的系统是64位的，对应Linux - Generic (glibc 2.5) (x86, 64-bit), Compressed TAR Archive，下载mysql-5.6.21-linux-glibc2.5-x86_64.tar.gz，md5值79f9a54bdc3731fd4bdf22db77f27ca7

sudo apt-get autoremove --purge mysql-server-5.5 
sudo apt-get remove mysql-server
sudo apt-get autoremove mysql-server
sudo apt-get remove mysql-common

Table 2.3 MySQL Installation Layout for Generic Unix/Linux Binary Package

记得删除之前安装所残余的mysql文件，然后：

To install and use a MySQL binary distribution, the basic command sequence looks like this：

//Create a mysql User and Group
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql

//Obtain and Unpack the Distribution
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql

//Perform Postinstallation Setup
shell> cd mysql
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .

shell> apt-get install libaio1 libaio-dev
shell> ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
# Next command is optional
shell> cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql.server

以上安装命令是全部的动作，一共分为三部分，每一步骤的解释都有对应的官方文档，以下一步一步来做：

2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries

//Create a mysql User and Group
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -r -g mysql mysql

//Obtain and Unpack the Distribution
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz
shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql

Section 2.10, “Postinstallation Setup and Testing”.

------------>2.10.1 Postinstallation Procedures for Unix-like Systems

//Perform Postinstallation Setup
1.
shell> cd mysql

2.（以root权限运行）
shell> chown -R mysql .
shell> chgrp -R mysql .

3.（以root权限运行）
shell> apt-get install libaio1 libaio-dev
shell> ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql

3.The mysql_install_db program creates the server‘s data directory with mysql as the owner. Under the data directory, it creates directories for the mysql database that holds the grant tables and the test database that you can use to test MySQL.The script also creates privilege table entries for root and anonymous-user accounts. The accounts have no passwords initially.

It is important to make sure that the database directories and files are owned by the mysql login account so that the server has read and write access to them when you run it later. To ensure this if you run mysql_install_db as root, include the --user option as shown. Otherwise, you should execute the script while logged in as mysql, in which case you can omit the --user option from the command.

4.Most of the MySQL installation can be owned by root if you like. The exception is that the data directory must be owned by mysql. To accomplish this, run the following commands as root in the installation directory:

4.（以root权限运行）
shell> chown -R root .
shell> chown -R mysql data

5.暂无

6.If you want MySQL to start automatically when you boot your machine, you can copy support-files/mysql.server to the location where your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the mysql.server script itself, and in Section 2.10.1.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”. 如下：

Generally, you start the mysqld server in one of these ways:

，，Invoke mysqld_safe, which tries to determine the proper options for mysqld and then runs it with those options. This script is used on Unix and Unix-like systems. SeeSection 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script”.

，，Invoke mysql.server. This script is used primarily at system startup and shutdown on systems that use System V-style run directories (that is,/etc/init.d and run-level specific directories), where it usually is installed under the name mysql. The mysql.server script starts the server by invoking mysqld_safe. See Section 4.3.3, “mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script”.

To start or stop the server manually using the mysql.server script, invoke it with start or stop arguments:

;以root权限运行
shell> mysql.server start                  
shell> mysql.server stop

Before mysql.server starts the server, it changes location to the MySQL installation directory, and then invokesmysqld_safe.

To start and stop MySQL automatically on your server, you need to add start and stop commands to the appropriate places in your /etc/rc* files. 接着看下文，

If you install MySQL from a source distribution or using a binary distribution format that does not install mysql.server automatically, you can install it manually. The script can be found in the support-files directory under the MySQL installation directory or in a MySQL source tree.

To install mysql.server manually, copy it to the/etc/init.d directory with the namemysql, and then make it executable. Do this by changing location into the appropriate directory wheremysql.server is located and executing these commands:

;以root权限运行
shell> cp ./support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
shell> chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql

After installing the script, the commands needed to activate it to run at system startup depend on your operating system. On Linux, you can use chkconfig（Ubuntu对此不再提供支持，有一个替代的是sysv-rc-conf，见下文）:

shell> chkconfig --add mysql      ;不做此项，请接着看下面

For other systems, consult your operating system documentation to see how to install startup scripts.

sudo apt-get install sysv-rc-conf
cd /etc/init.d
sudo sysv-rc-conf atd on

Ubuntu下已经以sysv-rc-conf替代chkconfig了，执行sysv-rc-conf有图形和命令行两种格式，命令行格式如下：

# sysv-rc-conf --level 35 ssh off
# sysv-rc-conf atd on

The first example will turn ssh off on levels 3 and 5. The second example turns atd on for run levels 2, 3, 4, and 5.

# sysv-rc-conf --list mysql       ;;可查看mysql的执行等级

在进行第七步之前，我们需要在 my.cnf 中设置一下 mysql.server，先来生成一个my.cnf，这里我们使用一个在线生成配置文件的网站，它为你方便地提供了优化了的 my.cnf：[https://tools.percona.com/]yhL#66     关于如何使用配置文件(如my.cnf)，可以查看4.2.6 Using Option Files；而对配置文件中详细选项的了解，For a full description of MySQL Server command options, system variables, and status variables, see Section 5.1, “The MySQL Server”.

[插播，了解一下如何使用Option Files，即配置文件.cnf]4.2.6 Using Option Files

On Unix, Linux and Mac OS X, MySQL programs read startup options from the following files, in the specified order (top items are used first).

~ represents the current user‘s home directory (the value of $HOME).

SYSCONFDIR represents the directory specified with the SYSCONFDIR option to CMake when MySQL was built. By default, this is the etc directory located under the compiled-in installation directory.

MYSQL_HOME is an environment variable containing the path to the directory in which the server-specific my.cnf file resides. If MYSQL_HOME is not set and you start the server using the mysqld_safe program, mysqld_safe attempts to set MYSQL_HOME as follows:

In MySQL 5.6, use of DATADIR as the location for my.cnf is deprecated.摒弃

Typically, DATADIR is /usr/local/mysql/data for a binary installation or /usr/local/var for a source installation. Note that this is the data directory location that was specified at configuration time, not the one specified with the --datadir option when mysqld starts. Use of --datadir at runtime has no effect on where the server looks for option files, because it looks for them before processing any options.

MySQL looks for option files in the order just described and reads any that exist. If an option file that you want to use does not exist, create it with a plain text editor.

If multiple instances of a given option are found, the last instance takes precedence. There is one exception: For mysqld, the first instance of the --user option is used as a security precaution, to prevent a user specified in an option file from being overridden on the command line.

Any long option that may be given on the command line when running a MySQL program can be given in an option file as well. To get the list of available options for a program, run it with the --help option.

The syntax for specifying options in an option file is similar to command-line syntax (see Section 4.2.4, “Using Options on the Command Line”). However, in an option file, you omit the leading two dashes from the option name and you specify only one option per line. For example, --quick and --host=localhost on the command line should be specified as quick and host=localhost on separate lines in an option file. To specify an option of the form --loose-opt_name in an option file, write it as loose-opt_name.

If an option group name is the same as a program name, options in the group apply specifically to that program. For example, the [mysqld] and [mysql] groups apply to the mysqld server and the mysql client program, respectively.

The [client] option group is read by all client programs (but not by mysqld). This enables you to specify options that apply to all clients. For example, [client] is the perfect group to use to specify the password that you use to connect to the server. (But make sure that the option file is readable and writable only by yourself, so that other people cannot find out your password.) Be sure not to put an option in the [client] group unless it is recognized by all client programs that you use. Programs that do not understand the option quit after displaying an error message if you try to run them.

[插播，了解配置文件中那些单个选项的意义]see Section 5.1, “The MySQL Server”.自己看吧。

回到[https://tools.percona.com/]继续生成my.cnf，其中，data directory设置为/usr/local/mysql/data，我的my.cnf文件：

 设置前，data文件夹里的文件(以备日后查看)：

drwxr-xr-x  5 mysql mysql     4096 Oct  9 08:54 ./
drwxr-xr-x 13 root  mysql     4096 Oct  7 20:16 ../
-rw-rw----  1 mysql mysql       56 Oct  7 21:25 auto.cnf
-rw-rw----  1 mysql mysql 12582912 Oct  9 08:54 ibdata1
-rw-rw----  1 mysql mysql 50331648 Oct  9 08:54 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw----  1 mysql mysql 50331648 Oct  7 20:42 ib_logfile1
drwx------  2 mysql mysql     4096 Oct  7 20:42 mysql/
-rw-r-----  1 mysql mysql    19610 Oct  9 08:54 ovonel-usa.err
-rw-rw----  1 mysql mysql        5 Oct  9 08:54 ovonel-usa.pid
drwx------  2 mysql mysql     4096 Oct  8 10:53 performance_schema/
drwxr-xr-x  2 mysql mysql     4096 Oct  7 16:34 test/

最后网站生成的配置文件如下：

 1 # Generated by Percona Configuration Wizard (http://tools.percona.com/) version REL5-20120208
 2 # Configuration name server-dev-binary-1009 generated for #**********@163.com at 2014-10-09 04:32:10
 3 
 4 [mysql]
 5 
 6 # CLIENT #
 7 port                           = 3306
 8 socket                         = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock
 9 
10 [mysqld]
11 
12 # GENERAL #
13 user                           = mysql
14 default-storage-engine         = InnoDB
15 socket                         = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock
16 pid-file                       = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.pid
17 
18 # MyISAM #
19 key-buffer-size                = 32M
20 myisam-recover                 = FORCE,BACKUP
21 
22 # SAFETY #
23 max-allowed-packet             = 16M
24 max-connect-errors             = 1000000
25 
26 # DATA STORAGE #
27 datadir                        = /usr/local/mysql/data/
28 
29 # BINARY LOGGING #
30 log-bin                        = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin
31 expire-logs-days               = 14
32 sync-binlog                    = 1
33 
34 # CACHES AND LIMITS #
35 tmp-table-size                 = 32M
36 max-heap-table-size            = 32M
37 query-cache-type               = 0
38 query-cache-size               = 0
39 max-connections                = 500
40 thread-cache-size              = 50
41 open-files-limit               = 65535
42 table-definition-cache         = 4096
43 table-open-cache               = 4096
44 
45 # INNODB #
46 innodb-flush-method            = O_DIRECT
47 innodb-log-files-in-group      = 2
48 innodb-log-file-size           = 64M
49 innodb-flush-log-at-trx-commit = 1
50 innodb-file-per-table          = 1
51 innodb-buffer-pool-size        = 128M
52 
53 # LOGGING #
54 log-error                      = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-error.log
55 log-queries-not-using-indexes  = 1
56 slow-query-log                 = 1
57 slow-query-log-file            = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-slow.log

 在6中，If you installed MySQL using a source distribution, you may want to optionally copy one of the provided configuration files from the support-files directory into your /etc directory. There are different sample configuration files for different use cases, server types, and CPU and RAM configurations. If you want to use one of these standard files, you should copy it to /etc/my.cnf, or /etc/mysql/my.cnf and edit and check the configuration before starting your MySQL server for the first time.

这里我将生成的my.cnf复制到/etc/mysql目录下：

$ sudo mkdir /etc/msql
$ pwd
/etc/mysql
$ sudo vi my.cnf             ;;然后将上面的配置文件内容复制粘贴

Section 2.10.1.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”.       You can add options for mysql.server in a global /etc/my.cnf file. A typical /etc/my.cnf file might look like this:   [这里我修改自己对应的/etc/mysql/my.cnf，添加到末尾]

[mysqld]

# GENERAL #
user                                   = mysql
default-storage-engine           = InnoDB
socket                                = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock
pid-file                               = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.pid

;..........................
# LOGGING #
log-error                              = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-error.log
log-queries-not-using-indexes   = 1
slow-query-log                      = 1
slow-query-log-file                 = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-slow.log

[mysql.server]

# BASE DIRECTORY #
basedir=/usr/local/mysql

The mysql.server script supports the following options: basedir, datadir, and pid-file. If specified, they must be placed in an option file, not on the command line. mysql.server supports only start and stop as command-line arguments.

The following table shows which option groups the server and each startup script read from option files.

至此，Section 2.10.1.2, “Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically”. 一节基本上就练习完了。返回2.10.1 Postinstallation Procedures for Unix-like Systems接着做第7步。

7. Start the MySQL Server:

shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &          ；；需要以root权限运行

To ensure this if you run mysqld_safe as root, include the --user option as shown.

8. Use mysqladmin to verify that the server is running. The following commands provide simple tests to check whether the server is up and responding to connections:

shell> bin/mysqladmin version
shell> bin/mysqladmin variables

运行结果：

$ ./bin/mysqladmin version
./bin/mysqladmin  Ver 8.42 Distrib 5.6.21, for linux-glibc2.5 on x86_64
Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Server version        5.6.21
Protocol version    10
Connection        Localhost via UNIX socket
UNIX socket        /tmp/mysql.sock
Uptime:            2 hours 6 min 27 sec

Threads: 1  Questions: 2  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 67  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 60  Queries per second avg: 0.000

9. Verify that you can shut down the server:

$ ./bin/mysqladmin -u root shutdown
验证一下是否关闭了
$ ./bin/mysqladmin version
./bin/mysqladmin: connect to server at ‘localhost‘ failed
error: ‘Can‘t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘ (2)‘
Check that mysqld is running and that the socket: ‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘ exists!
$ ./bin/mysqladmin variables
./bin/mysqladmin: connect to server at ‘localhost‘ failed
error: ‘Can‘t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘ (2)‘
Check that mysqld is running and that the socket: ‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘ exists! 

 10. Verify that you can start the server again. Do this by using mysqld_safe or by invoking mysqld directly. For example:

$ ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql  &       ；；需要以root权限运行
$ sudo netstat -tap | grep mysql
tcp6       0      0 [::]:mysql              [::]:*                  LISTEN      30506/mysqld

进行验证，

shell> bin/mysqladmin version 
shell> bin/mysqladmin variables

执行之后出错：

./bin/mysqladmin: connect to server at ‘localhost‘ failed
error: ‘Can‘t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘ (2)‘
Check that mysqld is running and that the socket: ‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘ exists!

解释的原因是不能通过‘/tmp/mysql.sock‘连接到localhost，执行ls /tmp -l果然没有mysql.sock文件存在。具体解释请看：B.5.2.2 Can‘t connect to [local] MySQL server。链接中给出的解释：

Someone has removed the Unix socket file that mysqld uses (/tmp/mysql.sock by default). For example, you might have a cron job that removes old files from the /tmp directory. You can always run mysqladmin version to check whether the Unix socket file that mysqladmin is trying to use really exists. The fix in this case is to change the cron job to not remove mysql.sock or to place the socket file somewhere else. See Section B.5.4.5, “How to Protect or Change the MySQL Unix Socket File”. 结合这段分析，我的问题纠正就从这B.5.4.5来做：

The default location for the Unix socket file that the server uses for communication with local clients is /tmp/mysql.sock.

On some versions of Unix, anyone can delete files in the /tmp directory or other similar directories used for temporary files. If the socket file is located in such a directory on your system, this might cause problems.

Another approach is to change the place where the server creates the Unix socket file. If you do this, you should also let client programs know the new location of the file. You can specify the file location in several ways:

(1)Specify the path in a global or local option file. For example, put the following lines in /etc/my.cnf,我的是/etc/mysql/my.cnf:这样，我的my.cnf末尾就成下面这样了：

# Added by yh@2014-10-10 #
[mysql.server]

# BASE DIRECTORY #
basedir=/usr/local/mysql

# GENERAL #
socket=/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock

# Added by yh@2014-10-10 #
[client]

socket=/usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.sock

之后测试成功：

$ sudo ./bin/mysqladmin version

接着做11步，

11. Run some simple tests to verify that you can retrieve information from the server. The output should be similar to what is shown here:

$ ./bin/mysqlshow 
+--------------------+
|     Databases      |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+

以下不做，直接跳过到13步：

13. At this point, you should have the server running. However, none of the initial MySQL accounts have a password, and the server permits permissive access to test databases. To tighten security, follow the instructions in Section 2.10.2, “Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts”.待做完安全设置，再返回2.10.1完成本节剩下的“时区”和“环境变量”设置(点击查看)，先跨过下面两段。

The MySQL 5.6 installation procedure creates time zone tables in the mysql database but does not populate them. To do so, use the instructions in Section 10.6, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.

To make it more convenient to invoke programs installed in the bin directory under the installation directory, you can add that directory to your PATH environment variable setting. That enables you to run a program by typing only its name, not its entire path name. See Section 4.2.10, “Setting Environment Variables”.

------------>2.10.2 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

The mysql.user grant table defines the initial MySQL user accounts and their access privileges:

root用户：Some accounts have the user name root. These are superuser accounts that have all privileges and can do anything. The initial root account passwords are empty, so anyone can connect to the MySQL server as root without a password and be granted all privileges.

On Unix, each root account permits connections from the local host. Connections can be made by specifying the host name localhost, the IP address 127.0.0.1, the IPv6 address ::1, or the actual host name or IP address.      An attempt to connect to the host 127.0.0.1 normally resolves to the localhost account. However, this fails if the server is run with the --skip-name-resolve option, so the 127.0.0.1 account is useful in that case. The ::1 account is used for IPv6 connections.

匿名用户：Some accounts are for anonymous users. These have an empty user name. The anonymous accounts have no password, so anyone can use them to connect to the MySQL server.

On Unix, each anonymous account permits connections from the local host. Connections can be made by specifying a host name of localhost for one of the accounts, or the actual host name or IP address for the other.

To display which accounts exist in the mysql.user table and check whether their passwords are empty, use the following statement:

；；启动mysqld先
$ sudo netstat -tap | grep mysql               ;;查看是否有mysqld已经存在
$ sudo ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
$ sudo ./bin/mysqladmin version                ;;验证一下启动正常不
$ sudo ./bin/mysql                             ;;root权限运行才可
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.6.21-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> SELECT User, Host, Password FROM mysql.user;

+------+--------------------+----------+
| User | Host               | Password |
+------+--------------------+----------+
| root | localhost          |          |
| root | myhost.example.com |          |
| root | 127.0.0.1          |          |
| root | ::1                |          |
|      | localhost          |          |
|      | myhost.example.com |          |
+------+--------------------+----------+

your MySQL installation is unprotected until you do something about it:

Assigning root Account Passwords

 The root account passwords can be set several ways. The following discussion demonstrates three methods:

mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR ‘root‘@‘localhost‘ = PASSWORD(‘newpwd‘);
mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD(‘newpwd‘)
    ->     WHERE User = ‘root‘;
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

$ sudo ./bin/mysql
[sudo] password for xxxx: 
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user ‘root‘@‘localhost‘ (using password: NO)

/usr/local/mysql$ sudo ./bin/mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.6.21-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET Password = PASSWORD(‘newpwd‘)
    ->     WHERE User = ‘‘;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Rows matched: 2  Changed: 2  Warnings: 0

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

sudo ./bin/mysql -u root -p
Enter password: (enter root password here)
mysql> DELETE FROM mysql.db WHERE Db LIKE ‘test%‘;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

sudo chmod 600 ~/.mysql_history

$ echo $SHELL
/bin/bash                             ;;显示我的shell是bash

$ vi ~/.bashrc
在文末添加下行：
PATH=${PATH}:/usr/local/mysql/bin

Ubuntu12.04 以通用可执行文件(Generic Binaries)安装MySQL