在" .NET的堆和栈01,基本概念、值类型内存分配"中，了解了"堆"和"栈"的基本概念，以及值类型的内存分配。我们知道：当执行一个方法的时候，值类型实例会在"栈"上分配内存，而引用类型实例会在"堆"上分配内存，当方法执行完毕，"栈"上的实例由操作系统自动释放，"堆"上的实例由.NET Framework的GC进行回收。
在" .NET的堆和栈02,值类型和引用类型参数传递以及内存分配"中，我们了解了值类型参数和引用类型参数在传递时的内存分配情况。
而本篇的重点要放在：引用类型对象拷贝以及内存分配。
主要包括：
■ 引用类型对象拷贝 成员都是值类型
■ 引用类型对象拷贝 包含引用类型成员
引用类型对象拷贝 成员都是值类型
public struct Shoe{ public string Color; } public class Dude { public string Name; public Shoe RightShoe; public Shoe LeftShoe; public Dude CopyDude() { Dude newPerson = new Dude(); newPerson.Name = Name; newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe; newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe; return newPerson; } public override string ToString() { return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color + " shoe on my right foot, and a " + LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot."); } } public static void Main() { Dude Bill = new Dude(); Bill.Name = "Bill"; Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe(); Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe(); Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue"; Dude Ted = Bill.CopyDude(); Ted.Name = "Ted"; Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red"; Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString()); Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString()); }
输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
以上，当引用类型的属性、成员都是值类型的时候，拷贝是完全拷贝。
引用类型对象拷贝 包含引用类型成员
把Shoe由struct值类型改成引用类型class。
public class Shoe{ public string Color; }
再次运行，输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
当Dude类包含引用类型属性Shoe的时候，在托管堆上的情况是这样的：
拷贝后，2个Dude的Shoe类型的属性指向了同一个托管堆内的Shoe实例，改变Shoe的值会同时影响到2个Dude。
很显然，这不是我们期望的完全拷贝，如果做到完全拷贝呢？
--实现ICloneable接口
ICloneable接口的Clone()方法，允许我们在拷贝的时候，进行一些自定义设置。
让引用类Shoe实现ICloneable接口。
public class Shoe : ICloneable { public string Color; public object Clone() { Shoe newShoe = new Shoe(); newShoe.Color = Color.Clone() as string; return newShoe; } }
以上，Shoe的string类型属性Color之所以可以使用Color.Clone()方法，是因为string也实现了ICloneable接口；又由于Clone()返回类型是object，所以，在使用Color.Clone()方法之后，需要把object转换成string类型。
现在，在Dude类的CopyDude()方法中，当拷贝Shoe类型属性的时候，就可以使用Shoe独有的拷贝方法Clone()。
public Dude CopyDude() { Dude newPerson = new Dude(); newPerson.Name = Name; newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe; newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe; return newPerson; }
客户端程序。
public static void Main() { Dude Bill = new Dude(); Bill.Name = "Bill"; Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe(); Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe(); Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue"; Dude Ted = Bill.CopyDude(); Ted.Name = "Ted"; Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red"; Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString()); Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString()); }
输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot
这正是我们期望的完全拷贝！
完全拷贝，托管堆上的情况是这样的：
当然也可以让同时包含值类型和引用类型成员，同时需要拷贝的类实现ICloneable接口。
public class Dude: ICloneable { public string Name; public Shoe RightShoe; public Shoe LeftShoe; public override string ToString() { return (Name + " : Dude!, I have a " + RightShoe.Color + " shoe on my right foot, and a " + LeftShoe.Color + " on my left foot."); } #region ICloneable Members public object Clone() { Dude newPerson = new Dude(); newPerson.Name = Name.Clone() as string; newPerson.LeftShoe = LeftShoe.Clone() as Shoe; newPerson.RightShoe = RightShoe.Clone() as Shoe; return newPerson; } #endregion }
客户端调用。
public static void Main() { Class1 pgm = new Class1(); Dude Bill = new Dude(); Bill.Name = "Bill"; Bill.LeftShoe = new Shoe(); Bill.RightShoe = new Shoe(); Bill.LeftShoe.Color = Bill.RightShoe.Color = "Blue"; Dude Ted = Bill.Clone() as Dude; Ted.Name = "Ted"; Ted.LeftShoe.Color = Ted.RightShoe.Color = "Red"; Console.WriteLine(Bill.ToString()); Console.WriteLine(Ted.ToString()); }
输出结果：
Bill : Dude!, I have a Blue shoe on my right foot, and a Blue on my left foot.
Ted : Dude!, I have a Red shoe on my right foot, and a Red on my left foot.
也是我们期望的完全拷贝！
参考资料：
C# Heap(ing) Vs Stack(ing) in .NET: Part III
".NET的堆和栈"系列包括：