postgres=# create table t1(a int primary key,b text,c date);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# create table t2(a int primary key,b int references t1(a),c text);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values(1,‘aa‘,now());
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values(2,‘bb‘,now());
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (1,1,‘aa‘);
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (2,2,‘aa‘);
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# \d t1
Table "public.t1"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
a | integer | | not null |
b | text | | |
c | date | | |
Indexes:
"t1_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
Referenced by:
TABLE "t2" CONSTRAINT "t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a)
postgres=# \d t2
Table "public.t2"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
a | integer | | not null |
b | integer | | |
c | text | | |
Indexes:
"t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
Foreign-key constraints:
"t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a)
postgres=#
假设我们想通过脚本向表中加载一些数据。因为我们不知道脚本中加载的顺序，我们决定将表t2上的外键约束禁用掉，在数据加载之后载开启外键约束：
postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=#
这里看起来可能有点奇怪，但是它的确禁用了外键约束。如果有其他外键约束，当然也是被禁用了。
postgres=# \d t2
Table "public.t2"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
a | integer | | not null |
b | integer | | |
c | text | | |
Indexes:
"t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
Foreign-key constraints:
"t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a)
Disabled internal triggers:
"RI_ConstraintTrigger_c_75213" AFTER INSERT ON t2 FROM t1 NOT DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "RI_FKey_check_ins"()
"RI_ConstraintTrigger_c_75214" AFTER UPDATE ON t2 FROM t1 NOT DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "RI_FKey_check_upd"()
postgres=#
关键字all将表上的其他内部触发器也禁用了，需要superser才可以执行成功。
postgres=# create user abce with login password ‘abce‘; CREATE ROLE postgres=# \c postgres abce You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "abce". postgres=> create table t3 ( a int primary key, b text, c date); CREATE TABLE postgres=> create table t4 ( a int primary key, b int references t3(a), c text); CREATE TABLE postgres=> alter table t4 disable trigger all; ERROR: permission denied: "RI_ConstraintTrigger_c_75235" is a system trigger postgres=>
那作为普通用户，该如何禁用触发器呢？
postgres=> alter table t4 disable trigger user;
具体语法为：
DISABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]
回到t1、t2表。
postgres=# select * from t1; a | b | c ---+----+------------ 1 | aa | 2020-11-04 2 | bb | 2020-11-04 (2 rows) postgres=# select * from t2; a | b | c ---+---+---- 1 | 1 | aa 2 | 2 | aa (2 rows) postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (3,3,‘cc‘); INSERT 0 1 postgres=#
这里插入了一条在t1中不匹配的记录，但是插入成功了。
postgres=# alter table t2 enable trigger all;
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d t2
Table "public.t2"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
a | integer | | not null |
b | integer | | |
c | text | | |
Indexes:
"t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
Foreign-key constraints:
"t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a)
postgres=# alter table t2 validate constraint t2_b_fkey;
ALTER TABLE
postgres=#
是不是很惊讶，PostgreSQL没有报告不匹配的记录。为什么呢？
查看一个pg_constraint：
postgres=# select * from pg_constraint where conname=‘t2_b_fkey‘ and conrelid=‘t2‘::regclass;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-+----------
conname | t2_b_fkey
connamespace | 2200
contype | f
condeferrable | f
condeferred | f
convalidated | t
conrelid | 75202
contypid | 0
conindid | 75200
conparentid | 0
confrelid | 75194
confupdtype | a
confdeltype | a
confmatchtype | s
conislocal | t
coninhcount | 0
connoinherit | t
conkey | {2}
confkey | {1}
conpfeqop | {96}
conppeqop | {96}
conffeqop | {96}
conexclop |
conbin |
consrc |
postgres=#
convalidated字段的值为t，表明该外键约束还是有效的。
哪怕是我们再次将其disable，仍然会显示是有效的：
postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all;
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# select * from pg_constraint where conname=‘t2_b_fkey‘ and conrelid=‘t2‘::regclass;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-+----------
conname | t2_b_fkey
connamespace | 2200
contype | f
condeferrable | f
condeferred | f
convalidated | t
conrelid | 75202
contypid | 0
conindid | 75200
conparentid | 0
confrelid | 75194
confupdtype | a
confdeltype | a
confmatchtype | s
conislocal | t
coninhcount | 0
connoinherit | t
conkey | {2}
confkey | {1}
conpfeqop | {96}
conppeqop | {96}
conffeqop | {96}
conexclop |
conbin |
consrc |
postgres=#
这表明当我们开启(enable)内部触发器的时候，PostgreSQL不会验证(validate)约束，因此也不会验证数据是否会有冲突，因为外键约束的状态始终是有效的。
我们需要做的是先将其变成无效的：
postgres=# alter table t2 alter CONSTRAINT t2_b_fkey not valid;
ERROR: ALTER CONSTRAINT statement constraints cannot be marked NOT VALID
## 需要先将外键删掉，然后重建外键约束并将其状态设置成无效
postgres=# alter table t2 drop constraint t2_b_fkey;
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# delete from t2 where a in (3);
DELETE 1
postgres=# alter table t2 add constraint t2_b_fkey foreign key (b) references t1(a) not valid;
ALTER TABLE
postgres=# \d t2
Table "public.t2"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
a | integer | | not null |
b | integer | | |
c | text | | |
Indexes:
"t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
Foreign-key constraints:
"t2_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES t1(a) NOT VALID
现在，可以看到状态是无效的了：
postgres=# select * from pg_constraint where conname=‘t2_b_fkey‘ and conrelid=‘t2‘::regclass;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-+----------
conname | t2_b_fkey
connamespace | 2200
contype | f
condeferrable | f
condeferred | f
convalidated | f
conrelid | 75202
contypid | 0
conindid | 75200
conparentid | 0
confrelid | 75194
confupdtype | a
confdeltype | a
confmatchtype | s
conislocal | t
coninhcount | 0
connoinherit | t
conkey | {2}
confkey | {1}
conpfeqop | {96}
conppeqop | {96}
conffeqop | {96}
conexclop |
conbin |
consrc |
postgres=#
继续插入数据：
postgres=# insert into t2(a,b,c) values (3,3,‘cc‘); ERROR: insert or update on table "t2" violates foreign key constraint "t2_b_fkey" DETAIL: Key (b)=(3) is not present in table "t1". postgres=#
是不是更惊讶了？创建了一个无效的约束，只是通知PostgreSQL
不要扫描整个表去验证所有的行记录是否有效。对于新插入或更新的行，仍然会检查是否满足约束条件，这就是为什么上面插入失败了。
我们该怎么做呢？
1.删除所有的外键
2.加载数据
3.重新创建外键，但是将其状态设置成无效的，从而避免扫描整个表。之后，新的数据会被验证了
4.在系统负载低的时候开启约束验证(validate the constraints)
另一种方法是：
postgres=# alter table t2 alter constraint t2_b_fkey deferrable; ALTER TABLE postgres=# begin; BEGIN postgres=# set constraints all deferred; SET CONSTRAINTS postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (3,3,‘cc‘); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (4,4,‘dd‘); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values (3,‘cc‘,now()); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into t1 (a,b,c) values (4,‘dd‘,now()); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# commit; COMMIT
这样做不好的方面是，在下一次提交时才起作用，因此，你需要将所有的工作放到一个事务中。
本文的关键点是，下面的假设将验证你的数据是错误的:
postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (5,5,‘ee‘); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# alter table t2 enable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=#
这只会验证新的数据，但是并不保证所有的数据都满足约束：
postgres = # insert into t2 (a,b,c) values (6,6,‘ff‘); ERROR: insert or update on table "t2" violates foreign key constraint "t2_b_fkey" DETAIL: Key(b) = (6) is not present in table "t1". postgres = # select * from t2 where b = 5; a | b | c ---+---+---- 5 | 5 | ee (1 row) postgres = # select * from t1 where a = 5; a | b | c ---+---+--- (0 rows)
最终，还有一种方式来解决，直接修改pg_constraint目录表。但是并建议用户这么做！
postgres=# delete from t2 where b = 5; DELETE 1 postgres=# delete from t2 where b = 5; DELETE 1 postgres=# alter table t2 disable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# insert into t2 values (5,5,‘ee‘); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# alter table t2 enable trigger all; ALTER TABLE postgres=# update pg_constraint set convalidated = false where conname = ‘t2_b_fkey‘ and conrelid = ‘t2‘::regclass; UPDATE 1 postgres=# alter table t2 validate constraint t2_b_fkey; ERROR: insert or update on table "t2" violates foreign key constraint "t2_b_fkey" DETAIL: Key (b)=(5) is not present in table "t1". postgres=#