之前ASP.NET中使用的HTTP Modules及HTTP Handlers，在ASP.NET Core中已不复存在，取而代之的是Middleware。Middleware除了简化了HTTP Modules/Handlers的使用方式，还带入了Pipeline的概念。
本篇将介绍ASP.NET Core的Middleware概念及用法。
Middleware 概念
ASP.NET Core在Middleware的官方说明中，使用了Pipeline这个名词，意指Middleware像水管一样可以串联在一起，所有的Request及Response都会层层经过这些水管。
用图例可以很容易理解，如下图：
App.Use
Middleware的注册方式是在Startup.cs的Configure对IApplicationBuilder使用Use方法注册。
大部分扩展的Middleware也都是以Use开头的方法注册，例如：
- UseMvc()：MVC的Middleware
- UseRewriter()：URL rewriting的Middleware
一个简单的Middleware 范例。如下：
Startup.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
namespace MyWebsite
{
public class Startup
{
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
// For more information on how to configure your application, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=398940
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
}
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("First Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("First Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Third Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Third Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Run(async (context) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World! \r\n");
});
}
}
}
用浏览器打开网站任意连结，输出结果：
First Middleware in.
Second Middleware in.
Third Middleware in.
Hello World!
Third Middleware out.
Second Middleware out.
First Middleware out.
在Pipeline的概念中，注册顺序是很重要的事情。请求经过的顺序一定是先进后出。
Request 流程如下图：
Middleware 也可以作为拦截使用，如下：
Startup.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
namespace MyWebsite
{
public class Startup
{
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
// For more information on how to configure your application, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=398940
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
}
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("First Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("First Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware in. \r\n");
// 水管阻塞，封包不往后送
var condition = false;
if (condition)
{
await next.Invoke();
}
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Third Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Third Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Run(async (context) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World! \r\n");
});
}
}
}
输出结果：
First Middleware in.
Second Middleware in.
Second Middleware out.
First Middleware out.
在Second Middleware 中，因为没有达成条件，所以封包也就不在往后面的水管传送。流程如图：
App.Run
Run是Middleware的最后一个行为，以上面图例来说，就是最末端的Action。
它不像Use能串联其他Middleware，但Run还是能完整的使用Request及Response。
App.Map
Map是能用来处理一些简单路由的Middleware，可依照不同的URL指向不同的Run及注册不同的Use。
新增一个路由如下：
Startup.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
namespace MyWebsite
{
public class Startup
{
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
// For more information on how to configure your application, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=398940
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
}
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("First Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("First Middleware out. \r\n");
});
// app.Use(async (context, next) =>
// {
// await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware in. \r\n");
// // 水管阻塞，封包不往后送
// var condition = false;
// if (condition)
// {
// await next.Invoke();
// }
// await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware out. \r\n");
// });
app.Map("/second", mapApp =>
{
mapApp.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second Middleware out. \r\n");
});
mapApp.Run(async context =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Second. \r\n");
});
});
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Third Middleware in. \r\n");
await next.Invoke();
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Third Middleware out. \r\n");
});
app.Run(async (context) =>
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World! \r\n");
});
}
}
}
开启网站任意连结，会显示：
First Middleware in.
Third Middleware in.
Hello World!
Third Middleware out.
First Middleware out.
开启网站http://localhost:5000/second，则会显示：
First Middleware in.
Second Middleware in.
Second.
Second Middleware out.
First Middleware out.
创建Middleware 类
如果Middleware全部都写在Startup.cs，代码将很难维护，所以应该把自定义的Middleware逻辑独立出来。
建立Middleware类不需要额外继承其它类或接口，一般的类即可，例子如下：
FirstMiddleware.cs
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
namespace MyWebsite
{
public class FirstMiddleware
{
private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
public FirstMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
{
_next = next;
}
public async Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
{
await context.Response.WriteAsync($"{nameof(FirstMiddleware)} in. \r\n");
await _next(context);
await context.Response.WriteAsync($"{nameof(FirstMiddleware)} out. \r\n");
}
}
}
全局注册
在Startup.Configure注册Middleware就可以套用到所有的Request。如下：
Startup.cs
// ...
public class Startup
{
// ...
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
app.UseMiddleware<FirstMiddleware>();
// ...
}
}
局部注册
Middleware 也可以只套用在特定的Controller 或Action。注册方式如下：
Controllers\HomeController.cs
// ..
[MiddlewareFilter(typeof(FirstMiddleware))]
public class HomeController : Controller
{
// ...
[MiddlewareFilter(typeof(SecondMiddleware))]
public IActionResult Index()
{
// ...
}
}
Extensions
大部分扩展的Middleware都会用一个静态方法包装，如：UseMvc()、UseRewriter()等。
自定义的Middleware当然也可以透过静态方法包，范例如下：
Extensions\CustomMiddlewareExtensions.cs
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
namespace MyWebsite
{
public static class CustomMiddlewareExtensions
{
public static IApplicationBuilder UseFirstMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder builder)
{
return builder.UseMiddleware<FirstMiddleware>();
}
}
}
注册Extension Middleware 的方式如下：
Startup.cs
// ...
public class Startup
{
// ...
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
app.UseFirstMiddleware();
// ...
}
}
参考
ASP.NET Core Middleware Fundamentals
Creating Custom Middleware In ASP.Net Core
老司机发车啦：https://github.com/SnailDev/SnailDev.NETCore2Learning