在前一遍文章django models Making queries里面我们提到了django常用的一些检索数据库的内容,
下面我们来看一下更为高级的检索聚合运算
这是我们要用到的模型
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
age = models.IntegerField()
friends = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True) class Publisher(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=300)
num_awards = models.IntegerField() class Book(models.Model):
isbn = models.CharField(max_length=9)
name = models.CharField(max_length=300)
pages = models.IntegerField()
price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
rating = models.FloatField()
authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher)
pubdate = models.DateField() class Store(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=300)
books = models.ManyToManyField(Book)
我们直接来看一些高级聚合运算的例子吧
# Total number of books.
>>> Book.objects.count()
2452 # Total number of books with publisher=BaloneyPress
>>> Book.objects.filter(publisher__name='BaloneyPress').count()
73 # Average price across all books.
>>> from django.db.models import Avg
>>> Book.objects.all().aggregate(Avg('price'))
{'price__avg': 34.35} # Max price across all books.
>>> from django.db.models import Max
>>> Book.objects.all().aggregate(Max('price'))
{'price__max': Decimal('81.20')} # Each publisher, each with a count of books as a "num_books" attribute.
>>> from django.db.models import Count
>>> pubs = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count('book'))
>>> pubs
[<Publisher BaloneyPress>, <Publisher SalamiPress>, ...]
>>> pubs[0].num_books
73 # The top 5 publishers, in order by number of books.
>>> from django.db.models import Count
>>> pubs = Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count('book')).order_by('-num_books')[:5]
>>> pubs[0].num_books
1323
aggregate(英文原意:a sum total of many heterogenous things taken together,中文释义:合计;集合体;总计)
annotate(英文原意:add explanatory notes to or supply with critical comments,中文释义:注释;给…作注释或评注)
结合上面给出的例子,我们似乎可以这样总结吧
aggregate是对我们我们感兴趣的某一列进行一些操作,返回的是一个字典
annotate是返回的是一个queryset,并且这个queryset有着我们需要的额外字段
继续看一些annotate的例子吧
# Build an annotated queryset
>>> q = Book.objects.annotate(Count('authors'))
# Interrogate the first object in the queryset
>>> q[0]
<Book: The Definitive Guide to Django>
>>> q[0].authors__count
2
# Interrogate the second object in the queryset
>>> q[1]
<Book: Practical Django Projects>
>>> q[1].authors__count
1
接下来我们来进行更高级的操作吧
1:找出每间store的价格范围,很明显,如果你想要范围的结果包含store,你应该用annotate
>>> Store.objects.annotate(min_price=Min('books__price'), max_price=Max('books__price'))
如果你只是想得出所有store的价格范围,你应该用aggregate
Store.objects.aggregate(min_price=Min('books__price'), max_price=Max('books__price'))
分组查询values()
使用values()可以在查询前后给数据分组
最后我们说几个关于查询顺序的例子
1:annotate和values的顺序
>>> Author.objects.values('name').annotate(average_rating=Avg('book__rating'))
>>> Author.objects.annotate(average_rating=Avg('book__rating')).values('name', 'average_rating')
第一行的查询时先对作者分组(相同名字的作者的书会被归在一组),返回每个作者的平均排名
第二行的查询会为每个作者生成一个average_rating,而且只会输出每个author的name和average_rating
2:filter和annotate的顺序
>>> Publisher.objects.annotate(num_books=Count('book')).filter(book__rating__gt=3.0)
>>> Publisher.objects.filter(book__rating__gt=3.0).annotate(num_books=Count('book'))
两个查询都返回了至少出版了一本好书(评分大于3分)的出版商的列表。
但是第一个查询的注解包含其该出版商发行的所有图书的总数;
而第二个查询的注解只包含出版过好书的出版商的所发行的好书(评分大于3分)总数。
在第一个查询中,注解在过滤器之前,所以过滤器对注解没有影响。在第二个查询中,过滤器在注解之前,所以,在计算注解值时,过滤器就限制了参与运算的对象的范围