CentOS 7 中使用NTP进行时间同步

2023-07-21 20:30:04

1. NTP时钟同步方式说明
NTP在linux下有两种时钟同步方式，分别为直接同步和平滑同步：
直接同步
使用ntpdate命令进行同步，直接进行时间变更。如果服务器上存在一个12点运行的任务，当前服务器时间是13点，但标准时间时11点，使用此命令可能会造成任务重复执行。因此使用ntpdate同步可能会引发风险，因此该命令也多用于配置时钟同步服务时第一次同步时间时使用。
平滑同步
使用ntpd进行时钟同步，可以保证一个时间不经历两次，它每次同步时间的偏移量不会太陡，是慢慢来的，这正因为这样，ntpd平滑同步可能耗费的时间比较长。

标准时钟同步服务
http://www.pool.ntp.org/zone/cn网站包含全球的标准时间同步服务，也包括对中国时间的同步，对应的URL为cn.pool.ntp.org，在其中也描述了ntp配置文件中的建议写法：
server 1.cn.pool.ntp.org
server 3.asia.pool.ntp.org
server 2.asia.pool.ntp.org

2. 环境情况
准备四台电脑，分别为：

IP	用途
192.168.11.212	ntpd服务器，用于与外部公共ntpd同步标准时间
172.16.248.129	ntpd客户端，用于与ntpd同步时间
172.16.248.130	ntpd客户端，用于与ntpd同步时间
172,16,248.131	ntpd客户端，用于与ntpd同步时间

3. 检查服务是否安装

使用rpm检查ntp包是否安装

[root@localhost kevin]# rpm -q ntp

ntp-4.2.6p5-19.el7.CentOS.3.x86_64

如果已经安装则略过此步，否则使用yum进行安装，并设置系统开机自动启动并启动服务

[root@localhost kevin]# yum -y install ntp

[root@localhost kevin]# systemctl enable ntpd

[root@localhost kevin]# systemctl start ntpd

4. 设置ntp服务器: 192.168.11.212

配置前先使用命令：ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org，同步服务器

修改/etc/ntp.conf文件，红色字体是修改的内容

# For more information about this file, see the man pages
# ntp.conf(5), ntp_acc(5), ntp_auth(5), ntp_clock(5), ntp_misc(5), ntp_mon(5).
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
# Permit time synchronization with our time source, but do not
# permit the source to query or modify the service on this system.
restrict default nomodify notrap nopeer noquery

# Permit all access over the loopback interface.  This could
# be tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of
# the administrative functions.
restrict 127.0.0.1
restrict ::1

# Hosts on local network are less restricted.
#restrict 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap
restrict 172.16.248.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap

# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
#server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst

server 2.cn.pool.ntp.org
server 1.asia.pool.ntp.org
server 2.asia.pool.ntp.org

#broadcast 192.168.1.255 autokey        # broadcast server
#broadcastclient                        # broadcast client
#broadcast 224.0.1.1 autokey            # multicast server
#multicastclient 224.0.1.1              # multicast client
#manycastserver 239.255.254.254         # manycast server
#manycastclient 239.255.254.254 autokey # manycast client
# 允许上层时间服务器主动修改本机时间
restrict 2.cn.pool.ntp.org nomodify notrap noquery
restrict 1.asia.pool.ntp.org nomodify notrap noquery
restrict 2.asia.pool.ntp.org nomodify notrap noquery

server 127.0.0.1 # local clock
fudge 127.0.0.1 stratum 10

# Enable public key cryptography.
#crypto

includefile /etc/ntp/crypto/pw

# Key file containing the keys and key identifiers used when operating
# with symmetric key cryptography.
keys /etc/ntp/keys

# Specify the key identifiers which are trusted.
#trustedkey 4 8 42

# Specify the key identifier to use with the ntpdc utility.
#requestkey 8

# Specify the key identifier to use with the ntpq utility.
#controlkey 8

# Enable writing of statistics records.
#statistics clockstats cryptostats loopstats peerstats

# Disable the monitoring facility to prevent amplification attacks using ntpdc
# monlist command when default restrict does not include the noquery flag. See
# CVE-2013-5211 for more details.
# Note: Monitoring will not be disabled with the limited restriction flag.
disable monitor

修改完成后重启ntpd服务systemctl restart ntpd

使用ntpq -p 查看网络中的NTP服务器，同时显示客户端和每个服务器的关系

使用ntpstat 命令查看时间同步状态，这个一般需要5-10分钟后才能成功连接和同步。所以，服务器启动后需要稍等下：
刚启动的时候，一般是：

# ntpstat

unsynchronised

  time server re-starting

   polling server every 64 s

连接并同步后:

# ntpstat

synchronised to NTP server (202.112.10.36) at stratum 3

   time correct to within 275 ms

   polling server every 256 s

5. 设置ntp客户端: 172.16.248.129|130|131

安装ntp服务并设置为自动启动，和前面的设置方式相同。然后编辑/etc/ntp.conf文件，红色字体为变化的内容。

# For more information about this file, see the man pages
# ntp.conf(5), ntp_acc(5), ntp_auth(5), ntp_clock(5), ntp_misc(5), ntp_mon(5).

driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift

# Permit time synchronization with our time source, but do not
# permit the source to query or modify the service on this system.
restrict default nomodify notrap nopeer noquery

# Permit all access over the loopback interface.  This could
# be tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of
# the administrative functions.
restrict 127.0.0.1
restrict ::1

# Hosts on local network are less restricted.
#restrict 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap

# Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
# Please consider joining the pool (http://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html).
#server 0.centos.pool.ntp.org iburst

server 172.16.248.1

restrict 172.16.248.1 nomodify notrap noquery

server 127.0.0.1
fudge 127.0.0.1 stratum 10

#broadcast 192.168.1.255 autokey        # broadcast server
#broadcastclient                        # broadcast client
#broadcast 224.0.1.1 autokey            # multicast server
#multicastclient 224.0.1.1              # multicast client
#manycastserver 239.255.254.254         # manycast server
#manycastclient 239.255.254.254 autokey # manycast client

# Enable public key cryptography.
#crypto
includefile /etc/ntp/crypto/pw

# Key file containing the keys and key identifiers used when operating
# with symmetric key cryptography.
keys /etc/ntp/keys

# Specify the key identifiers which are trusted.
#trustedkey 4 8 42

# Specify the key identifier to use with the ntpdc utility.
#requestkey 8

# Specify the key identifier to use with the ntpq utility.
#controlkey 8

# Enable writing of statistics records.
#statistics clockstats cryptostats loopstats peerstats

# Disable the monitoring facility to prevent amplification attacks using ntpdc
# monlist command when default restrict does not include the noquery flag. See
# CVE-2013-5211 for more details.
# Note: Monitoring will not be disabled with the limited restriction flag.
disable monitor