当两个表需要join时，如果一个是大表，一个是小表，正常的map-reduce流程需要shuffle，这会导致大表数据在节点间网络传输，常见的优化方式是将小表读到内存中并广播到大表处理，避免shuffle+reduce；
在hive中叫mapjoin（map-side join），配置为 hive.auto.convert.join
在spark中叫BroadcastHashJoin （broadcast hash join）
Spark SQL uses broadcast join (aka broadcast hash join) instead of hash join to optimize join queries when the size of one side data is below spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold.
Broadcast join can be very efficient for joins between a large table (fact) with relatively small tables (dimensions) that could then be used to perform a star-schema join. It can avoid sending all data of the large table over the network.
有几种方式可以触发：
1）sql hint （从spark 2.3版本开始支持）
SELECT /*+ MAPJOIN(b) */ ... SELECT /*+ BROADCASTJOIN(b) */ ... SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(b) */ ...
2）broadcast function：DataFrame.broadcast
testTable3= testTable1.join(broadcast(testTable2), Seq("id"), "right_outer")
3）自动优化
org.apache.spark.sql.execution.SparkStrategies.JoinSelection
private def canBroadcast(plan: LogicalPlan): Boolean = {
plan.statistics.isBroadcastable ||
(plan.statistics.sizeInBytes >= 0 &&
plan.statistics.sizeInBytes <= conf.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold)
}
例如：
spark-sql> explain select * from big_table1 a, (select * from big_table2 limit 10) b where a.id = b.id;
18/09/17 18:14:09 339 WARN Utils66: Truncated the string representation of a plan since it was too large. This behavior can be adjusted by setting 'spark.debug.maxToStringFields' in SparkEnv.conf.
== Physical Plan ==
BroadcastHashJoin [id#5], [id#14], Inner, BuildRight
:- *Filter isnotnull(id#5)
: +- HiveTableScan [name#4, id#5], MetastoreRelation big_table1
+- BroadcastExchange HashedRelationBroadcastMode(List(input[6, string, false]))
+- Filter isnotnull(id#14)
+- GlobalLimit 10
+- Exchange SinglePartition
+- LocalLimit 10
+- HiveTableScan [id#14, ... 187 more fields], MetastoreRelation big_table2
Time taken: 4.216 seconds, Fetched 1 row(s)
BroadcastExchange 执行过程为
org.apache.spark.sql.execution.exchange.BroadcastExchangeExec
override protected[sql] def doExecuteBroadcast[T](): broadcast.Broadcast[T] = {
ThreadUtils.awaitResultInForkJoinSafely(relationFuture, timeout)
.asInstanceOf[broadcast.Broadcast[T]]
}
其中timeout是指spark.sql.broadcastTimeout，默认300s
private lazy val relationFuture: Future[broadcast.Broadcast[Any]] = {
// broadcastFuture is used in "doExecute". Therefore we can get the execution id correctly here.
val executionId = sparkContext.getLocalProperty(SQLExecution.EXECUTION_ID_KEY)
Future {
// This will run in another thread. Set the execution id so that we can connect these jobs
// with the correct execution.
SQLExecution.withExecutionId(sparkContext, executionId) {
try {
val beforeCollect = System.nanoTime()
// Note that we use .executeCollect() because we don't want to convert data to Scala types
val input: Array[InternalRow] = child.executeCollect()
if (input.length >= 512000000) {
throw new SparkException(
s"Cannot broadcast the table with more than 512 millions rows: ${input.length} rows")
}
val beforeBuild = System.nanoTime()
longMetric("collectTime") += (beforeBuild - beforeCollect) / 1000000
val dataSize = input.map(_.asInstanceOf[UnsafeRow].getSizeInBytes.toLong).sum
longMetric("dataSize") += dataSize
if (dataSize >= (8L << 30)) {
throw new SparkException(
s"Cannot broadcast the table that is larger than 8GB: ${dataSize >> 30} GB")
}
// Construct and broadcast the relation.
val relation = mode.transform(input)
val beforeBroadcast = System.nanoTime()
longMetric("buildTime") += (beforeBroadcast - beforeBuild) / 1000000
val broadcasted = sparkContext.broadcast(relation)
longMetric("broadcastTime") += (System.nanoTime() - beforeBroadcast) / 1000000
SQLMetrics.postDriverMetricUpdates(sparkContext, executionId, metrics.values.toSeq)
broadcasted
对一个表broadcast执行过程为首先计算然后collect，然后通过SparkContext broadcast出去，并且执行过程为线程异步执行，超时时间为spark.sql.broadcastTimeout；