引言
闭包是什么?以前看面试题的时候才发现这个名词。
闭包在实际项目中会有什么问题?现在就让我们一起来看下这个不太熟悉的名词。
如果在实际工作中用到了匿名函数和lamada表达式,那你就应该高度注意啦.
问题
请问下大家这段代码的输出结果是什么样的呢?
public static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine("Starting."); for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
Task.Run(() => Console.WriteLine(i)); Console.WriteLine("Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.");
Console.ReadLine();
}
输出结果:
Starting.
Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.
4
4
4
4
你答对了吗?如果没有请跟随我一起来看下这里的深层原因。
问题解决
public static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine("Starting."); for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
{
int j = i;
Task.Run(() => Console.WriteLine(j));
} Console.WriteLine("Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.");
Console.ReadLine();
}
输出结果
Starting.
Finished. Press <ENTER> to exit.
0
1
3
2
原因分析
闭包是什么?
using System; class Test
{
static void Main()
{
Action action = CreateAction();
action();
action();
} static Action CreateAction()
{
int counter = 0;
return delegate
{
// Yes, it could be done in one statement;
// but it is clearer like this.
counter++;
Console.WriteLine("counter={0}", counter);
};
}
}
输出
counter=1
counter=2
In essence, a closure is a block of code which can be executed at a later time, but which maintains the environment in which it was first created - i.e. it can still use the local variables etc of the method which created it, even after that method has finished executing.
这段话的大意是:从本质上说,闭包是一段可以在晚些时候执行的代码块,但是这段代码块依然维护着它第一个被创建时环境(执行上下文)- 即它仍可以使用创建它的方法中局部变量,即使那个方法已经执行完了。
这段话准确地来说不能算作定义,但形象的给出了描述。这里就不给出绝对定义啦。wiki上有这方面的描述。
C#中通常通过匿名函数和lamada表达式来实现闭包。
再来看一个简单的例子:
var values = new List<int> { 100, 110, 120 };
var funcs = new List<Func<int>>(); foreach (var v in values)
funcs.Add(() =>
{
//Console.WriteLine(v);
return v;
}); foreach (var f in funcs)
Console.WriteLine(f()); Console.WriteLine("{0}{0}", Environment.NewLine); funcs.Clear();
for (var i = 0; i < values.Count; i++)
{ //var v2 = values[i];
funcs.Add(() =>
{ var v2 = values[i]; //will throw exception
return v2;
});
} foreach (var f in funcs)
Console.WriteLine(f());
一语道破天机
Because ()=>v means "return the current value of variable v", not "return the value v was back when the delegate was created",Closures close over variables, not over values.
原文大意:因为() = > v "返回变量 v 的当前值",而不是创建该委托时"v“ 的返回值 。闭包”变量“,而不是闭包”值“。
所以在”for“循环中的添加的匿名函数,只是返回了变量i 而不是i的值。所以知道f() 被真正执行时,i已经是values.Count 值啦,所以会抛出”超出索引范围“。那为啥foreach 没事呢?那就让我们接着看下闭包的来头。
历史简述
The latter. The C# 1.0 specification actually did not say whether the loop variable was inside or outside the loop body, as it made no observable difference. When closure semantics were introduced in C# 2.0, the choice was made to put the loop variable outside the loop, consistent with the "for" loop.--Eric Lippert
闭包在C#2.0 的时候引入了闭包语法,选择将循环变量放在循环体外面,for 和foreach 在这方面处理都是一致的。但随着人们在使用过程中的种种不适,微软做出了”一点“让步,在C#5 中对”foreach“做了调整,但对”for“没有做改动。具体改动如下说:
We are taking the breaking change. In C# 5, the loop variable of a foreach will be logically inside the loop, and therefore closures will close over a fresh copy of the variable each time. The "for" loop will not be changed. --Eric Lippert
原文大意:在C#5中我们做了巨大的调整,“foreach”的遍历中的定义的临时循环变量会被逻辑上限制在循环内,“foreach”的每次循环都会是循环变量的一个拷贝,这样闭包就看起来关闭了(没有了)。但“for”循环没有做修改。
总结
匿名函数和Lambda表达式给我们的编程带来了许多快捷简单的实现,如(List.Max((a)=>a.Level)等写法)。但是我们要清醒的意识到这两个糖果后面还是有个”坑“(闭包)。这再次告诉我们技术工作人,要”知其然,也要知其所以然“。
参考文献
Closing over the loop variable considered harmful
Closing over the loop variable, part two
For Loop result in Overflow with Task.Run or Task.Start
Is there a reason for C#'s reuse of the variable in a foreach?
《代码的未来》读书笔记:也谈闭包(介绍较全面,但需要更新C#5的修改,期望博主修改,)