pyMysql

本篇对于Python操作MySQL主要使用两种方式:

  • 原生模块 pymsql
  • ORM框架 SQLAchemy

pymsql

pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块,其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。

下载安装

pip3 install pymysql

使用操作:

1,执行sql

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql # 创建连接
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
# 创建游标
cursor = conn.cursor() # 执行SQL,并返回收影响行数
effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'") # 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数
#effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,)) # 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数
#effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) # 提交,不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据
conn.commit() # 关闭游标
cursor.close()
# 关闭连接
conn.close()

2 获取新创建自增id

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close() # 获取最新自增ID
new_id = cursor.lastrowid

3,获取查询数据

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from hosts") # 获取第一行数据
row_1 = cursor.fetchone() # 获取前n行数据
# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# row_3 = cursor.fetchall() conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

注:在fetch数据时按照顺序进行,可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置,如:

  • cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative')  # 相对当前位置移动
  • cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动

4、fetch数据类型

  关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型,如果想要或者字典类型的数据,即:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') # 游标设置为字典类型
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
r = cursor.execute("call p1()") result = cursor.fetchone() conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()

SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

安装:

pip3 install SQLAlchemy

pyMysql

二、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL。

1,创建表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
) # 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) # 多对多
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22) class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id')) def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注:设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

#!/usr/bin/env/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,ForeignKey,UniqueConstraint,Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa')
Base = declarative_base() class Son(Base):
__tablename__ ='son'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
age = Column(String(16)) father_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('father.id'))
class Father(Base):
__tablename__ = 'father' id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
age = Column(String(16))
son = relationship('Son',backref='father') # Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session() # f1 = session .query(Father).filter_by(id=1).first()
# w3 = Son(name='yiduiduo 333',age=11)
# f1.son.append(w3) # s1 = session.query(Son).filter_by(di=2).first()
# print(s1.father.name)
# session.add_all([w3])
# session.commit() # ret = session.query(Father.name,Son.name).join().all()
# print(ret) # f1 =Father(name = 'alvin',age = 50)
#
# w1 = Son(name='yiduiduo 111',age=10)
# w2 = Son(name='yiduiduo 222',age=11)
# f1.son =[w1,w2]
#
# session.add_all([f1,w1,w2])
# session.commit()

实例 一对多

#!/usr/bin/env/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,ForeignKey,UniqueConstraint,Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8') #建立连接 Base = declarative_base() #创建ORM的基类 class Men_to_wemon(Base): #创建关系映射表
__tablename__ = 'men_to_wemon' #定义数据表名
nid = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) #id 为整数类型 并且为主键
men_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('men.id')) #定义men_id 为整数类型,绑定Men类id
women_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey('women.id')) #定义women_id 为整数类型,绑定women类id class Men(Base): #创建 男人表
__tablename__ ='men'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
age = Column(String(16)) # gf = relationship('Women', secondary=Men_to_wemon.__table__) class Women(Base): #创建女人表
__tablename__ ='women'
id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
age = Column(String(16))
bf = relationship('Men',secondary=Men_to_wemon.__table__,backref = 'gf') #定义关系映射 Men对应Men_to_wemon Women也对应Men_to_wemon
# 一句话概括了两句对应关系,不需要再men表里继续定义关系了 Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
#通过激活sessionmaker 的__call__方法来return一个Session实例(Sesion类下提供了增删改查的具体方法)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session() m1 =Men(name = 'alex',age=12)
m2 =Men(name = 'wusir',age = 12)
w1 = Women(name = '如哈',age = 20)
w2 = Women(name = '安安',age = 20)
session.add_all([m1,m2,w1,w2,]) #添加所有的数据
session.commit() t1 = Men_to_wemon(men_id =1,women_id=2) m1 = session.query(Men).filter_by(id =2).first()
w1 = session.query(Women).all()
m1.gf = w1 session.add_all([m1,])
session.commit()

实例 多对多

2、操作表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
) def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name) # 一对多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption) class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers') # 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g') class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list') class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

表结构+ 数据连接

obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])
session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : ""})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + ""}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
  • 条件
# 条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all() # 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] # 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() # 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # 连表 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() # 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

更多功能参见文档,猛击这里下载PDF

更多详情参考博文:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5713330.html

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