先更换国内源

修改/etc/apt/sources.list替换为:

# pve6 <--> debian buster
#deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian buster main contrib
#deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib
# security updates
#deb http://security.debian.org buster/updates main contrib
# https needs(apt install apt-transport-https -y)
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian buster main contrib non-free
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free
# pve6 repository: pve-no-subscription
#deb http://download.proxmox.com/debian/pve buster pve-no-subscription
#deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/proxmox/debian/pve buster pve-no-subscription
deb http://download.proxmox.wiki/debian/pve buster pve-no-subscription

更新重启

apt-get update && apt-get dist-upgrade -y

安装docker

apt-get install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gnupg2 software-properties-common
curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | apt-key add -
apt-key fingerprint 0EBFCD88
add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian $(lsb_release -cs) stable"
apt-get update && apt-get install docker-ce -y