公共语言运行库(CLR)开发系列课程(2):Pinvoke 进阶 学习笔记

  • 上一章地址

  • API版本

    • 具有字符串参数的API通常有两种版本

      • GetWindowText
        • GetWindowTextA
        • GetWindowTextW
    • 缺省情况下CLR会自动寻找合适的匹配

      • CharSet=Ansi时寻找A版本
      • CharSet=Unicode寻找W版本
      • CharSet=Auto和平台相关
    • DLLImportAttribute(ExactSpelling=true)会关掉这种行为

  • Ref/Out参数 (C#关键字)

    • out=[Out]&

      • C#:out int a
      • IL:[Out] int &a
      • C++:int *pa;
    • ref=[In,Out]&

      • C#:ref int a
      • IL:[In,Out] int &a
      • C++:int *pa;
    • 个人感觉 使用Ref/Out 参数P/Invoke CRL会对根据对应关键字添加对应IL特性 System.Runtime.InteropServices下面的InAttribute、OutAttribute   

  • 引用类型和值类型

    • 非托管C/C++ 代码:struct A{int a;} 

      托管代码:struct A{int a;}  class A{int a;}

    • 非托管C/C++代码 A A* A**
      A为值类型 A ref A IntPtr  a
      A为引用类型 N/A A ref A
  • 自定义参数转换

    • 托管类型和非托管类型之间是一对多关系

      • String
        • char */wchar_t *  
        • char[N]/wchar_t[N] 固定长度的字符串
        • BSTR, Ansi BSTR
    • MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType) 
    • UnmanagedType 枚举指定对应非托管类型
    • [MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType.LPWSTR)] string A
    • 非托管函数:void Func(wchar_t *)
    • 托管函数:Public static extern void  Func([MarshalAs(UnmanagdType.LPWSTR)] string);
  • 内存管理

    • 在数据转换中需要进行内存分配

    • 举例:

      • C#调用Func(string)      Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi("balabala")
      • C#调用Func(ref string)
      • C#调用string Func()
    • CoTaskMemAlloc / CoTaskMemFree (分配/释放 内存) 内存交换才使用 

  • 实例分析CreateProcess

    • API原型

      BOOL WINAPI CreateProcess(
      _In_opt_    LPCTSTR               lpApplicationName,
      _Inout_opt_ LPTSTR                lpCommandLine,
      _In_opt_    LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpProcessAttributes,
      _In_opt_    LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpThreadAttributes,
      _In_        BOOL                  bInheritHandles,
      _In_        DWORD                 dwCreationFlags,
      _In_opt_    LPVOID                lpEnvironment,
      _In_opt_    LPCTSTR               lpCurrentDirectory,
      _In_        LPSTARTUPINFO         lpStartupInfo,
      _Out_       LPPROCESS_INFORMATION lpProcessInformation
      );

           (opt 可选的输入参数)

    • C#  

      Public static extern bool CreateProcess(
           [In] string applicationName,
           [In,Out] StringBuilder commandName,
           [In] ref SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES processAttributes,
           [In] ref SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES threadAttributes,
           [In] bool inheritHandles,
           [In] uint creationFlags,
           [In] IntPtr lpEnvironment,
           [In] string currentDirectory,
           [In] ref STARTUP_INFO startupInfo,
           [Out] out PROCESS_INFORMATION processInformation
      ); 

  • DLL生命周期

    • Dll在第一次调用的时候自动加载,不会自动被释放,加载不到或者找不到函数就会抛出异常

    • Dll不会自动被卸载,建议做法生命一个外部调用类 DLL会伴随外部调用类一起被清理卸载

    • 如果需要手段管理DLL生命周期,只能手动调用LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress

  • 逆向P/Invoke

    非托管代码到托管代码这种叫逆向P/Invoke

    • 部分API接收函数指针作为参数

    • EnumWindows(WNDENUMPROC IpEnumFunc,LPARAM lPararm) 

    • .NET 程序可以通过P/Invoke调用 EnumWindows API

    • CLR能够将Delegate 转换为函数指针,EnumWindows 来回调这个函数指针

    • [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
      delegate bool EnumWindowProc(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr lParam);
      EnumWindow(new EnumWindowProc(MyEnumWindow), IntPtr.Zero);
  • DEMO

     class Program
    {
    /// Return Type: BOOL->int
    ///hwnd: HWND->HWND__*
    ///lParam: LPARAM->LONG_PTR->int
    [UnmanagedFunctionPointerAttribute(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
    public delegate bool WNDENUMPROC(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr lParam); class NativeMethods
    {
    [DllImport("User32.dll",CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Winapi)]
    public static extern int GetWindowText(IntPtr hwnd, StringBuilder text, int count); /// Return Type: BOOL->int
    ///lpEnumFunc: WNDENUMPROC
    ///lParam: LPARAM->LONG_PTR->int
    [DllImportAttribute("user32.dll", EntryPoint = "EnumWindows")]
    [return: MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    public static extern bool EnumWindows(WNDENUMPROC lpEnumFunc, int lParam);
    } private static bool WNDENUMPROC_Callback(IntPtr hwnd, IntPtr lParam)
    {
    StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
    NativeMethods.GetWindowText(hwnd, text, );
    Console.WriteLine("窗口名:" + text + ",id=" + hwnd.ToInt32() + ",lParam=" + lParam);
    return true;
    }
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
    WNDENUMPROC myWNDENUMPROC = new WNDENUMPROC(WNDENUMPROC_Callback);
    NativeMethods.EnumWindows(myWNDENUMPROC,);
    Console.Read();
    } }
  • 常见问题

    • 抛出DllNotFoundException

      找不到DLL一般他会到当前目录去找 或者系统目录去找 DLL如果实在无法差错可以使用全路径+dll名不推荐最好是放相对路径

    • 抛出AccessViolationException

      访问违规,一般是内存不可以读不可以写或者一起读一起写造成的,通常原因参数转换错误,类型不对应,长度问题。

    • 抛出EntryPointNotFoundException

      API方法入口找不到一般都是方法名写错或者调用协定不对

    • MDA报错StackImbalanceMDA

      VS提示报错,参数错位调用协定不对

    • 返回数据错误

      参数是否正确,MarshalAs转换是否成功,开启非托管调试查看。

  • 进阶DEMO

    • c++
      #include <stdio.h>
      #include <stdlib.h>
      #include <string.h>
      #include <Windows.h>
      /*自定义*/
      typedef struct Mytype
      {
      int i;
      char *s;
      double d;
      struct Mytype *p;
      }Mytype; int TestInt(int a,int b)
      {
      return a + b;
      }
      void TestIntPtr(int *i)
      {
      *i = *i * -;
      }
      char * TestCharPtr(char *a,char *b)
      {
      return strcat(a, b);
      }
      void TestStructPtr(Mytype *p)
      {
      p->i++;
      p->d++;
      }
      void TestPtrPtr(int **a,int length)
      {
      *a = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)*length);
      memset(*a, , sizeof(int)* length);
      }
      void TestArray(int *a, int length)
      {
      for (int i = ; i < length; i++)
      {
      a[i]++;
      }
      } void TestCallback(void(*pf)())
      {
      pf();
      }
      int TestCharWidth(char *s)
      {
      return strlen(s);
      } 文件名 Source.cpp
      LIBRARY "PInvoke"
      EXPORTS
      TestInt
      TestIntPtr
      TestCharPtr
      TestStructPtr
      TestPtrPtr
      TestArray
      TestCallback
      TestCharWidth
      文件名 Source.def
    • C#
       class Program
      { [StructLayoutAttribute(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
      public struct Mytype
      { /// int
      public int i; /// char*
      [MarshalAsAttribute(UnmanagedType.LPStr)]
      public string s; /// double
      public double d; /// Mytype*
      public System.IntPtr p;
      } /// Return Type: void
      public delegate void Callback(); static void CallbackFunction()
      {
      Console.WriteLine("callback invoked");
      }
      /// Return Type: int
      ///a: int
      ///b: int
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestInt", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern int TestInt(int a, int b); /// Return Type: void
      ///i: int*
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestIntPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern void TestIntPtr(ref int i); /// Return Type: char*
      ///a: char*
      ///b: char*
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestCharPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern System.IntPtr TestCharPtr(System.IntPtr a, System.IntPtr b); /// Return Type: void
      ///p: Mytype*
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestStructPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern void TestStructPtr(ref Mytype p); /// Return Type: void
      ///a: int**
      ///length: int
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestPtrPtr", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern void TestPtrPtr(ref System.IntPtr a, int length); /// Return Type: void
      ///a: int*
      ///length: int
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestArray", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern void TestArray(int[] a, int length); /// Return Type: void
      ///pf: Anonymous_5afb5371_1680_4be9_99a9_ab5bd7ded029
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestCallback", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl )]
      public static extern void TestCallback(Callback pf); /// Return Type: int
      ///s: char*
      [DllImportAttribute("Pinvoke.dll", EntryPoint = "TestCharWidth", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
      public static extern int TestCharWidth( IntPtr s); static void Main(string[] args)
      { Console.WriteLine("TestInt:" + TestInt(, )); // TestIntPtr
      int i = ;
      TestIntPtr(ref i);
      Console.WriteLine("TestIntPtr:" + i); // TestCharPtr
      IntPtr helloPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi("啊阿斯达斯的阿萨德+");
      IntPtr worldPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi("+阿萨德阿萨德");
      IntPtr helloWorldPtr = TestCharPtr(helloPtr, worldPtr);
      string helloWorld = Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(helloWorldPtr);
      Console.WriteLine("TestCharPtr:" + helloWorld); //helloPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni("啊阿斯蒂芬a");
      //worldPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni("阿萨德阿萨德");
      //helloWorldPtr = TestCharPtr(helloPtr, worldPtr);
      //helloWorld = Marshal.PtrToStringUni(helloWorldPtr);
      //Console.WriteLine("TestCharPtr01:" + helloWorld);
      // Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem()
      Marshal.FreeHGlobal(helloPtr);
      Marshal.FreeHGlobal(worldPtr); // Marshal.FreeHGlobal(helloWorldPtr); // 因为helloWorldPtr和helloPtr指向的是同一地址,所以再次释放会报错 // TestCharWidth
      string a = "a的";
      IntPtr aPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi(a); // Ansi
      int len = TestCharWidth(aPtr);
      Console.WriteLine("TestCharWidth:" + len);
      a = Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(aPtr);
      Marshal.FreeHGlobal(aPtr); aPtr = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni(a); // Unicode
      len = TestCharWidth(aPtr); // 值是1,strlen没有正确处理unicode,所以不要使用strlen测量unicode字符串的长度
      Console.WriteLine("TestCharWidth:" + len);
      a = Marshal.PtrToStringUni(aPtr);
      Marshal.FreeHGlobal(aPtr); // TestStructPtr
      Mytype myType = new Mytype { i = , d = 1.1, s = a, p = IntPtr.Zero };
      TestStructPtr(ref myType);
      Console.WriteLine("Mytype->i:" + myType.i);
      Console.WriteLine("Mytype->d:" + myType.d); // TestArray
      int[] array = new int[] { , , };
      TestArray(array, array.Length); for (int z = ; z < array.Length; z++)
      {
      Console.WriteLine("array[{0}]" + array[z], z);
      } // TestCallback
      TestCallback(CallbackFunction); Console.Read();
      } }

          

      

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