Java系列：关于Java中的桥接方法

2022-10-23 21:38:03

这两天在看《Java核心技术卷1》的泛型相关章节，其中说到了在泛型子类中override父类的泛型方法时，编译器会自动生成一个桥接方法，这块有点看不明白。

书上的例子代码如下：

public class MyPair <T>{

    private T first;

    private T second;

    public MyPair(){ first = null; second = null;}

    public MyPair(T first, T second){ this.first = first; this.second = second;}

    public T getFirst(){ return first;}

    public T getSecond() {return second;}

    public void setFirst(T value){ first = value;}

    public void setSecond(T value) { second = value;}

}

public class DateInterval extends MyPair<Date> {

    public void setSecond(Date second) {

        if(second.compareTo(getFirst()) >= 0)

            super.setSecond(second);

    }

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        // TODO Auto-generated method stub

        DateInterval interval = new DateInterval();

        interval.setFirst(new Date());

        interval.setSecond(new Date());

        System.out.println("second value of interval: " + interval.getSecond().toString());

        Thread.sleep(10);

        MyPair<Date> datePair = interval;

        datePair.setSecond(new Date());

        System.out.println("second value of interval: " + datePair.getSecond().toString());

    }

一、通过jd-gui.exe来分析字节码，只能看到类型擦除信息

上网查阅了一些资料还是不明白，然后觉得应该可以通过反编译工具来看，于是找了jd-gui.exe来看，发现反编译出来的东西和原始的类基本相同的，如下，关于书上提到的类型擦除倒是确实存在，可以看到在字节码中其实没有泛型，而是做了类型擦除之后的类型。

public static void main(String[] args)

    throws InterruptedException

  {

    DateInterval interval = new DateInterval();

    interval.setFirst(new Date());

    interval.setSecond(new Date());

    System.out.println("second value of interval: " + ((Date)interval.getSecond()).toString());

    Thread.sleep(10L);

    MyPair<Date> datePair = interval;

    datePair.setSecond(new Date());

    System.out.println("second value of interval: " + ((Date)datePair.getSecond()).toString());

  }

二、用jclasslib来看字节码

感觉可能是jd-gui.exe太高级了，反编译做过头了，结果把我需要的信息都过滤掉了，所以找了稍微更原始反编译工具，jclasslib，使用它打开DateInternal.class文件之后，可以看到如下信息。在上面的源码中我们实际上只给DateInternal添加了一个setSecon方法，但是在反编译之后发现可以看到两个setSecond方法，两个方法的信息分别如下。

1）第一个就是我们在源码中定义的setSecond，入参为Date类型的setSecond方法；

2）第二个就是书上所说的桥接方法，可以看到这个方法的flag中，除了有public，还有bridge，synthetic两个标志，这表示这个是由编译器自动生成的桥接方法。

3）在看看方法的内容，其实内部调用了DateInterval.setSecond方法，并且在

三、也可以使用javap命令来查看字节码信息

在命令行输入javap -c -v DateInternal.class

则会输出如下信息，这里看到的信息和jclaslib看到的类似。

Classfile /D:/java/eclipse/learnJava/target/classes/me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval.class

  Last modified 2015-12-1; size 771 bytes

  MD5 checksum f8d67b651cd0aa143e3fbe03c5edd519

  Compiled from "DateInterval.java"

public class me.ygc.javabasic.learnJava.DateInterval extends me.ygc.javabasic.learnJava.MyPair<java.util.Date>

  minor version: 0

  major version: 49

  flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER

Constant pool:

   #1 = Class              #2             // me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval

   #2 = Utf8               me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval

   #3 = Class              #4             // me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair

   #4 = Utf8               me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair

   #5 = Utf8               <init>

   #6 = Utf8               ()V

   #7 = Utf8               Code

   #8 = Methodref          #3.#9          // me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair."<init>":()V

   #9 = NameAndType        #5:#6          // "<init>":()V

  #10 = Utf8               LineNumberTable

  #11 = Utf8               LocalVariableTable

  #12 = Utf8               this

  #13 = Utf8               Lme/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval;

  #14 = Utf8               setSecond

  #15 = Utf8               (Ljava/util/Date;)V

  #16 = Methodref          #1.#17         // me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval.getFirst:()Ljava/lang/Object;

  #17 = NameAndType        #18:#19        // getFirst:()Ljava/lang/Object;

  #18 = Utf8               getFirst

  #19 = Utf8               ()Ljava/lang/Object;

  #20 = Class              #21            // java/util/Date

  #21 = Utf8               java/util/Date

  #22 = Methodref          #20.#23        // java/util/Date.compareTo:(Ljava/util/Date;)I

  #23 = NameAndType        #24:#25        // compareTo:(Ljava/util/Date;)I

  #24 = Utf8               compareTo

  #25 = Utf8               (Ljava/util/Date;)I

  #26 = Methodref          #3.#27         // me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair.setSecond:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V

  #27 = NameAndType        #14:#28        // setSecond:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V

  #28 = Utf8               (Ljava/lang/Object;)V

  #29 = Utf8               second

  #30 = Utf8               Ljava/util/Date;

  #31 = Methodref          #1.#32         // me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval.setSecond:(Ljava/util/Date;)V

  #32 = NameAndType        #14:#15        // setSecond:(Ljava/util/Date;)V

  #33 = Utf8               SourceFile

  #34 = Utf8               DateInterval.java

  #35 = Utf8               Signature

  #36 = Utf8               Lme/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair<Ljava/util/Date;>;

{

  public me.ygc.javabasic.learnJava.DateInterval();

    descriptor: ()V

    flags: ACC_PUBLIC

    Code:

      stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1

         0: aload_0

         1: invokespecial #8                  // Method me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair."<init>":()V

         4: return

      LineNumberTable:

        line 6: 0

      LocalVariableTable:

        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature

            0       5     0  this   Lme/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval;

  public void setSecond(java.util.Date);

    descriptor: (Ljava/util/Date;)V

    flags: ACC_PUBLIC

    Code:

      stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2

         0: aload_1

         1: aload_0

         2: invokevirtual #16                 // Method getFirst:()Ljava/lang/Object;

         5: checkcast     #20                 // class java/util/Date

         8: invokevirtual #22                 // Method java/util/Date.compareTo:(Ljava/util/Date;)I

        11: iflt          19

        14: aload_0

        15: aload_1

        16: invokespecial #26                 // Method me/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair.setSecond:(Ljava/lang/Object;)V

        19: return

      LineNumberTable:

        line 8: 0

        line 9: 14

        line 10: 19

      LocalVariableTable:

        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature

            0      20     0  this   Lme/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/DateInterval;

            0      20     1 second   Ljava/util/Date;

  public void setSecond(java.lang.Object);

    descriptor: (Ljava/lang/Object;)V

    flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_BRIDGE, ACC_SYNTHETIC

    Code:

      stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2

         0: aload_0

         1: aload_1

         2: checkcast     #20                 // class java/util/Date

         5: invokevirtual #31                 // Method setSecond:(Ljava/util/Date;)V

         8: return

      LineNumberTable:

        line 1: 0

      LocalVariableTable:

        Start  Length  Slot  Name   Signature

}

SourceFile: "DateInterval.java"

Signature: #36                          // Lme/ygc/javabasic/learnJava/MyPair<Ljava/util/Date;>;

四、通过代码来验证桥接方法的存在

如果编写如下代码：

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        // TODO Auto-generated method stub

        MyPair datePair = new DateInterval();

        datePair.setSecond(new Object());

    }

运行之后会提示如下：

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException: java.lang.Object cannot be cast to java.util.Date

at me.ygc.javabasic.learnJava.DateInterval.setSecond(DateInterval.java:1)

at me.ygc.javabasic.learnJava.MyPair.main(MyPair.java:26)

说明他实际上是去调用了一个setSecond(Object)的方法，然后在内部做了从Object到Date的转换，然后转换失败了。

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