15个初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句（转）

2022-10-15 20:55:07

译文链接：http://www.codeceo.com/article/15-basic-sql-for-beginner.html
英文原文：Basic SQL Queries for Beginners

1、创建表和数据插入SQL

我们在开始创建数据表和向表中插入演示数据之前，我想给大家解释一下实时数据表的设计理念，这样也许能帮助大家能更好的理解SQL查询。

在数据库设计中，有一条非常重要的规则就是要正确建立主键和外键的关系。

现在我们来创建几个餐厅订单管理的数据表，一共用到3张数据表，Item Master表、Order Master表和Order Detail表。

创建表：

创建Item Master表：

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[ItemMasters](
    [Item_Code] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [Item_Name] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,
    [Price]  Int NOT NULL,
    [TAX1]  Int NOT NULL,
    [Discount]  Int NOT NULL,
    [Description] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,
    [IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_ItemMasters] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [Item_Code] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX  = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE  = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS  = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS  = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

向Item Master表插入数据：

INSERT INTO [ItemMasters]   ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]
           ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Item001‘,‘Coke‘,55,1,0,‘Coke which need to be cold‘,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [ItemMasters]   ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]
           ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Item002‘,‘Coffee‘,40,0,2,‘Coffe Might be Hot or Cold user choice‘,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [ItemMasters]   ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]
           ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Item003‘,‘Chiken Burger‘,125,2,5,‘Spicy‘,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [ItemMasters]   ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]
           ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Item004‘,‘Potato Fry‘,15,0,0,‘No Comments‘,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

创建Order Master表：

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderMasters](
    [Order_No] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [Table_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [Description] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,
    [IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderMasters] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [Order_No] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX  = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE  = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS  = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS  = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

向Order Master表插入数据：

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
           ([Order_No],[Table_ID] ,[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Ord_001‘,‘T1‘,‘‘,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
           ([Order_No],[Table_ID] ,[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Ord_002‘,‘T2‘,‘‘,GETDATE(),‘Mak‘ ,GETDATE(),‘MAK‘)

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
           ([Order_No],[Table_ID] ,[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘Ord_003‘,‘T3‘,‘‘,GETDATE(),‘RAJ‘ ,GETDATE(),‘RAJ‘)

创建Order Detail表：

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderDetails](
    [Order_Detail_No] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [Order_No] [varchar](20) CONSTRAINT  fk_OrderMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES OrderMasters(Order_No),
    [Item_Code] [varchar](20) CONSTRAINT  fk_ItemMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES ItemMasters(Item_Code),
    [Notes] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,
    [QTY]  INT NOT NULL,
    [IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
    [UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderDetails] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [Order_Detail_No] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX  = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE  = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS  = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS  = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

--Now let&rsquo;s insert the 3 items for the above Order No ‘Ord_001‘.
INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
           ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]
           ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘OR_Dt_001‘,‘Ord_001‘,‘Item001‘,‘Need very Cold‘,3
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
           ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]
           ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘OR_Dt_002‘,‘Ord_001‘,‘Item004‘,‘very Hot ‘,2
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
           ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]
           ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘OR_Dt_003‘,‘Ord_001‘,‘Item003‘,‘Very Spicy‘,4
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

向Order Detail表插入数据：

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
           ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]
           ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘OR_Dt_004‘,‘Ord_002‘,‘Item002‘,‘Need very Hot‘,2
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
           ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]
           ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘OR_Dt_005‘,‘Ord_002‘,‘Item003‘,‘very Hot ‘,2
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
           ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]
           ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
     VALUES
           (‘OR_Dt_006‘,‘Ord_003‘,‘Item003‘,‘Very Spicy‘,4
           ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘ ,GETDATE(),‘SHANU‘)

2、简单的Select查询语句

Select查询语句是SQL中最基本也是最重要的DML语句之一。那么什么是DML？DML全称Data Manipulation Language（数据操纵语言命令），它可以使用户能够查询数据库以及操作已有数据库中的数据。

下面我们在SQL Server中用select语句来查询我的姓名(Name)：

SELECT ‘My Name Is SYED SHANU‘
-- With Column Name using ‘AS‘
SELECT ‘My Name Is SYED SHANU‘ as ‘MY NAME‘
-- With more then the one Column 
SELECT ‘My Name‘ as ‘Column1‘, ‘Is‘ as ‘Column2‘, ‘SYED SHANU‘ as ‘Column3‘

在数据表中使用select查询：

-- To Display all the columns from the table we use * operator in select Statement.
Select * from ItemMasters
-- If we need to select only few fields from a table we can use the Column Name in Select Statement.
Select    Item_Code
        ,Item_name as Item
        ,Price
        ,Description
        ,In_DATE
        FROM
        ItemMasters

3、合计和标量函数

合计函数和标量函数都是SQL Server的内置函数，我们可以在select查询语句中使用它们，比如Count(), Max(), Sum(), Upper(), lower(), Round()等等。下面我们用SQL代码来解释这些函数的用法：

select * from ItemMasters
-- Aggregate
-- COUNT() -> returns the Total no of records from table , AVG() returns the Average Value from Colum,MAX() Returns MaX Value from Column
-- ,MIN() returns Min Value from Column,SUM()  sum of total from Column
Select Count(*)  TotalRows,AVG(Price) AVGPrice
        ,MAX(Price) MAXPrice,MIN(Price) MinPrice,Sum(price) PriceTotal 
        FROM ItemMasters

-- Scalar 
-- UCASE() -> Convert to  Upper Case  ,LCASE() -> Convert to Lower Case,
-- SUBSTRING() ->Display selected char from column ->SUBSTRING(ColumnName,StartIndex,LenthofChartoDisplay)
--,LEN() -> lenth of column date,
-- ROUND()  -> Which will round the value
SELECT  UPPER(Item_NAME) Uppers,LOWER(Item_NAME) Lowers,
        SUBSTRING(Item_NAME,2,3) MidValue,LEN(Item_NAME) Lenths 
       ,SUBSTRING(Item_NAME,2,LEN(Item_NAME)) MidValuewithLenFunction, 
        ROUND(Price,0) as Rounded
        FROM ItemMasters

4、日期函数

在我们的项目数据表中基本都会使用到日期列，因此日期函数在项目中扮演着非常重要的角色。有时候我们对日期函数要非常的小心，它随时可以给你带来巨大的麻烦。在项目中，我们要选择合适的日期函数和日期格式，下面是一些SQL日期函数的例子：

-- GETDATE() -> to Display the Current Date and Time
-- Format() -> used to display our date in our requested format
Select GETDATE() CurrentDateTime, FORMAT(GETDATE(),‘yyyy-MM-dd‘) AS DateFormats,
       FORMAT(GETDATE(),‘HH-mm-ss‘)TimeFormats,
       CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),GETDATE(),10) Converts1,
       CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),GETDATE(),113),
       CONVERT(NVARCHAR, getdate(), 106) Converts2 ,-- here we used Convert Function 
      REPLACE(convert(NVARCHAR, getdate(), 106), ‘ ‘, ‘/‘) Formats-- Here we used replace and --convert functions.
      --first we convert the date to nvarchar and then we replace the ‘‘ with ‘/‘ 

select * from Itemmasters

Select  ITEM_NAME,IN_DATE CurrentDateTime, FORMAT(IN_DATE,‘yyyy-MM-dd‘) AS DateFormats,
        FORMAT(IN_DATE,‘HH-mm-ss‘)TimeFormats,
        CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),IN_DATE,10) Converts1,
        CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),IN_DATE,113),
        convert(NVARCHAR, IN_DATE, 106) Converts2 ,-- here we used Convert Function 
        REPLACE(convert(NVARCHAR,IN_DATE, 106), ‘ ‘, ‘/‘) Formats
        FROM Itemmasters

DatePart –> 该函数可以获取年、月、日的信息。

DateADD –> 该函数可以对当前的日期进行加减。

DateDiff –> 该函数可以比较2个日期。

--Datepart DATEPART(dateparttype,yourDate)
SELECT DATEPART(yyyy,getdate()) AS YEARs ,
DATEPART(mm,getdate()) AS MONTHS,
DATEPART(dd,getdate()) AS Days,
DATEPART(week,getdate()) AS weeks,
DATEPART(hour,getdate()) AS hours

--Days Add to add or subdtract date from a selected date.
SELECT GetDate()CurrentDate,DATEADD(day,12,getdate()) AS AddDays ,
 DATEADD(day,-4,getdate()) AS FourDaysBeforeDate 

 -- DATEDIFF() -> to display the Days between 2 dates
 select DATEDIFF(year,‘2003-08-05‘,getdate())  yearDifferance , 
  DATEDIFF(day,DATEADD(day,-24,getdate()),getdate()) daysDifferent,
 DATEDIFF(month,getdate(),DATEADD(Month,6,getdate())) MonthDifferance

5、其他Select函数

Top —— 结合select语句，Top函数可以查询头几条和末几条的数据记录。

Order By —— 结合select语句，Order By可以让查询结果按某个字段正序和逆序输出数据记录。

--Top to Select Top first and last records using Select Statement.
Select * FROM ItemMasters
--> First Display top 2 Records
Select TOP 2 Item_Code
             ,Item_name as Item
             ,Price
             ,Description
             ,In_DATE
FROM ItemMasters
--> to Display the Last to Records we need to use the Order By Clause
-- order By to display Records in assending or desending order by the columns
Select TOP 2  Item_Code
             ,Item_name as Item
             ,Price
             ,Description
             ,In_DATE
FROM ItemMasters
ORDER BY Item_Code DESC

Distinct —— distinct关键字可以过滤重复的数据记录。

Select * FROM ItemMasters
--Distinct -> To avoid the Duplicate records we use the distinct in select statement
-- for example in this table we can see here we have the duplicate record ‘Chiken Burger‘
-- but with different Item_Code when i use the below select statement see what happen

Select   Item_name as Item
        ,Price
        ,Description    
        ,IN_USR_ID    
        FROM ItemMasters
-- here we can see the Row No 3 and 5 have the duplicate record to avoid this we use the distinct Keyword in select statement.

select Distinct Item_name as Item
                ,Price
                ,Description    
                ,IN_USR_ID    
                 FROM ItemMasters

Where子句在SQL Select查询语句中非常重要，为什么要使用where子句？什么时候使用where子句？where子句是利用一些条件来过滤数据结果集。

下面我们从10000条数据记录中查询Order_No为某个值或者某个区间的数据记录，另外还有其他的条件。

Select * from ItemMasters
Select * from OrderDetails
--Where -> To display the data with certain conditions
-- Now below example which will display all the records which has Item_Name=‘Coke‘
select * FROM ItemMasters WHERE ITEM_NAME=‘COKE‘
-- If we want display all the records Iten_Name which Starts with ‘C‘ then we use Like in where clause.
SELECT * FROM ItemMasters WHERE ITEM_NAME Like ‘C%‘

--> here we display the ItemMasters where the price will be greater then or equal to 40.
--> to use more then one condition we can Use And or Or operator.
--If we want to check the data between to date range then we can use Between Operator in Where Clause.
select Item_name as Item
        ,Price
        ,Description    
        ,IN_USR_ID    
         FROM ItemMasters
         WHERE
            ITEM_NAME Like ‘C%‘ 
            AND 
            price >=40
--> here we display the OrderDetails where the Qty will be greater 3

Select * FROM OrderDetails WHERE qty>3

Where – In 子句

-- In clause -> used to display the data which is in the condition
select *
        FROM ItemMasters
        WHERE
        Item_name IN (‘Coffee‘,‘Chiken Burger‘)

-- In clause with Order By - Here we display the in descending order.
select *
        FROM ItemMasters
        WHERE
        Item_name IN (‘Coffee‘,‘Chiken Burger‘)
        ORDER BY Item_Code Desc

Where – Between子句

-- between  -> Now if we want to display the data between to date range then we use betweeen keyword
select * FROM ItemMasters

select * FROM ItemMasters
         WHERE
         In_Date BETWEEN ‘2014-09-22 15:59:02.853‘ AND ‘2014-09-22 15:59:02.853‘

select * FROM ItemMasters
         WHERE
         ITEM_NAME Like ‘C%‘ 
         AND
         In_Date BETWEEN ‘2014-09-22 15:59:02.853‘ AND ‘2014-09-22 15:59:02.853‘

查询某个条件区间的数据，我们常常使用between子句。

7、Group By 子句

Group By子句可以对查询的结果集按指定字段分组：

--Group By -> To display the data with group result.Here we can see we display all the AQggregate result by Item Name
Select ITEM_NAME,Count(*)  TotalRows,AVG(Price) AVGPrice
        ,MAX(Price) MAXPrice,MIN(Price) MinPrice,Sum(price) PriceTotal 
        FROM
        ItemMasters
        GROUP BY ITEM_NAME

-- Here this group by will combine all the same Order_No result and make the total or each order_NO
Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY 
    FROM OrderDetails
    where qty>=2
    GROUP BY Order_NO

-- Here the Total will be created by order_No and Item_Code
Select Order_NO,Item_Code,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY 
    FROM OrderDetails
    where qty>=2
    GROUP BY Order_NO,Item_Code
    Order By Order_NO Desc,Item_Code

Group By & Having 子句

--Group By Clause -- here this will display all the Order_no 
Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY 
    FROM OrderDetails
    GROUP BY Order_NO

-- Having Clause-- This will avoid the the sum(qty) less then 4    
Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY 
    FROM OrderDetails
    GROUP BY Order_NO
    HAVING Sum(QTy) >4

8、子查询

子查询一般出现在where内连接查询和嵌套查询中，select、update和delete语句中均可以使用。

--Sub Query -- Here we used the Sub query in where clause to get all the Item_Code where the price>40 now this sub 
--query reslut we used in our main query to filter all the records which Item_code from Subquery result
SELECT * FROM ItemMasters 
         WHERE Item_Code IN 
        (SELECT Item_Code FROM ItemMasters WHERE price > 40) 

-- Sub Query with Insert Statement
INSERT INTO ItemMasters           ([Item_Code] ,[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]
           ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE] ,[UP_USR_ID])
    Select ‘Item006‘
           ,Item_Name,Price+4,TAX1,Discount,Description
           ,GetDate(),‘SHANU‘,GetDate(),‘SHANU‘
           from ItemMasters
           where Item_code=‘Item002‘       

--After insert we can see the result as 
        Select * from ItemMasters

9、连接查询

到目前为止我们接触了不少单表的查询语句，现在我们来使用连接查询获取多个表的数据。

简单的join语句：

--Now we have used the simple join with out any condition this will display all the
-- records with duplicate data to avaoid this we see our next example with condition
SELECT * FROM Ordermasters,OrderDetails
-- Simple Join with Condition  now here we can see the duplicate records now has been avoided by using the where checing with both table primaryKey field
SELECT * 
        FROM
        Ordermasters as M, OrderDetails as D
        where M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
        and M.Order_NO=‘Ord_001‘

-- Now to make more better understanding we need to select the need fields from both 
--table insted of displaying all column.
SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,Item_code,Notes,Qty
                FROM 
                Ordermasters as M, OrderDetails as D 
                where M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO                  
 -- Now lets Join 3 table
 SELECT     M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,
                I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
                FROM 
                Ordermasters as M, OrderDetails as D,ItemMasters as I 
                where 
                M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO AND D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code

Inner Join,Left Outer Join,Right Outer Join and Full outer Join

下面是各种类型的连接查询代码：

--INNER JOIN 
--This will display the records which in both table Satisfy here i have used Like in where class which display the 
SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
        FROM 
        Ordermasters as M Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D 
        ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
        INNER JOIN     ItemMasters as I 
        ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
        WHERE
        M.Table_ID like ‘T%‘
--LEFT OUTER JOIN 
--This will display the records which Left side table Satisfy
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
        FROM 
        Ordermasters as M LEFT OUTER JOIN OrderDetails as D 
        ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
        LEFT OUTER JOIN     ItemMasters as I 
        ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
        WHERE
        M.Table_ID like ‘T%‘
--RIGHT OUTER JOIN 
--This will display the records which Left side table Satisfy
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
        FROM 
        Ordermasters as M RIGHT OUTER JOIN OrderDetails as D 
        ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
        RIGHT OUTER JOIN     ItemMasters as I 
        ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
        WHERE
        M.Table_ID like ‘T%‘

--FULL OUTER JOIN 
--This will display the records which Left side table Satisfy
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
        FROM 
        Ordermasters as M FULL OUTER JOIN OrderDetails as D 
        ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO
        FULL OUTER JOIN     ItemMasters as I 
        ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code
        WHERE
        M.Table_ID like ‘T%‘

10、Union合并查询

Union查询可以把多张表的数据合并起来，Union只会把唯一的数据查询出来，而Union ALL则会把重复的数据也查询出来。

Select column1,Colum2 from Table1
Union
Select Column1,Column2 from Table2

Select column1,Colum2 from Table1
Union All
Select Column1,Column2 from Table2

具体的例子如下：

--Select with different where condition which display the result as 2 Table result
select Item_Code,Item_Name,Price,Description FROM ItemMasters where price <=44
select Item_Code,Item_Name,Price,Description FROM ItemMasters where price >44

-- Union with same table but with different where condition now which result as one table which combine both the result.
select Item_Code,Item_Name,Price,Description FROM ItemMasters where price <=44
UNION
select Item_Code,Item_Name,Price,Description FROM ItemMasters where price >44

-- Union ALL with Join sample
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
    FROM 
        Ordermasters as M (NOLOCK)   Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D  
        ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN     ItemMasters as I 
        ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE        I.Price <=44        
Union ALL
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
    FROM 
        Ordermasters as M (NOLOCK)   Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D
        ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO    INNER JOIN     ItemMasters as I
        ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code    WHERE    I.Price>44

11、公用表表达式（CTE）——With语句

CTE可以看作是一个临时的结果集，可以在接下来的一个SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,MERGE语句中被多次引用。使用公用表达式可以让语句更加清晰简练。

declare @sDate datetime,
        @eDate datetime;

select  @sDate = getdate()-5,
        @eDate = getdate()+16;
--select @sDate StartDate,@eDate EndDate
;with cte as
   (
      select @sDate StartDate,‘W‘+convert(varchar(2),
            DATEPART( wk, @sDate))+‘(‘+convert(varchar(2),@sDate,106)+‘)‘ as ‘SDT‘     
  union all
       select  dateadd(DAY, 1, StartDate) ,
              ‘W‘+convert(varchar(2),DATEPART( wk, StartDate))+‘(‘+convert(varchar(2),
               dateadd(DAY, 1, StartDate),106)+‘)‘ as ‘SDT‘   
  FROM  cte
  WHERE dateadd(DAY, 1, StartDate)<=  @eDate 
    )
select * from cte
option (maxrecursion 0)

12、视图

很多人对视图View感到很沮丧，因为它看起来跟select语句没什么区别。在视图中我们同样可以使用select查询语句，但是视图对我们来说依然非常重要。

假设我们要联合查询4张表中的20几个字段，那么这个select查询语句会非常复杂。但是这样的语句我们在很多地方都需要用到，如果将它编写成视图，那么使用起来会方便很多。利用视图查询有以下几个优点：

一定程度上提高查询速度
可以对一些字段根据不同的权限进行屏蔽，因此提高了安全性
对多表的连接查询会非常方便

下面是一个视图的代码例子：

CREATE 
VIEW viewname
AS
Select ColumNames from yourTable

Example : 
-- Here we create view for our Union ALL example
Create 
VIEW myUnionVIEW
AS
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,
        I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
        FROM 
          Ordermasters as M  Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D 
          ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I 
          ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE    I.Price <=44        
Union ALL
 SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,
        I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice
        FROM 
          Ordermasters as M  Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D 
          ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I 
          ON   D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code    WHERE    I.Price>44

-- View Select query
Select * from myUnionVIEW
-- We can also use the View to display with where condition and with selected fields 
Select order_Detail_NO,Table_ID,Item_Name,Price from myUnionVIEW where price >40

13、Pivot行转列

Pivot可以帮助你实现数据行转换成数据列，具体用法如下：

-- Simple Pivot Example 
SELECT *  FROM ItemMasters 
PIVOT(SUM(Price)       
 FOR ITEM_NAME IN ([Chiken Burger], Coffee,Coke)) AS PVTTable

-- Pivot with detail example
SELECT *
FROM (
    SELECT 
       ITEM_NAME, 
        price as TotAmount 
    FROM ItemMasters

) as s
PIVOT
(
    SUM(TotAmount)
    FOR [ITEM_NAME] IN ([Chiken Burger], [Coffee],[Coke])
)AS MyPivot

14、存储过程

我经常看到有人提问如何在SQL Server中编写多条查询的SQL语句，然后将它们使用到C#程序中去。存储过程就可以完成这样的功能，存储过程可以将多个SQL查询聚集在一起，创建存储过程的基本结构是这样的：

CREATE PROCEDURE [ProcedureName]                                              

AS                                                                
BEGIN
-- Select or Update or Insert query.
END

To execute SP we use
exec ProcedureName

创建一个没有参数的存储过程：

-- =============================================                                                                
-- Author      : Shanu                                                                
-- Create date : 2014-09-15                                                                
-- Description : To Display Pivot Data                                                        
-- Latest                                                                
-- Modifier    : Shanu                                                                
-- Modify date : 2014-09-15                                                                 
-- =============================================                                                                
-- exec USP_SelectPivot                                 
-- =============================================                                                           
Create PROCEDURE [dbo].[USP_SelectPivot]      
AS                                                                
BEGIN                                                 
   DECLARE @MyColumns AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
    @SQLquery  AS NVARCHAR(MAX)
-- here first we get all the ItemName which should be display in Columns we use this in our necxt pivot query
select @MyColumns = STUFF((SELECT ‘,‘ + QUOTENAME(Item_NAME) 
                    FROM ItemMasters
                    GROUP BY Item_NAME
                    ORDER BY Item_NAME
            FOR XML PATH(‘‘), TYPE
            ).value(‘.‘, ‘NVARCHAR(MAX)‘) 
        ,1,1,‘‘)
-- here we use the above all Item name to disoplay its price as column and row display
set @SQLquery = N‘SELECT ‘ + @MyColumns + N‘ from 
             (
                 SELECT 
       ITEM_NAME, 
        price as TotAmount 
    FROM ItemMasters
            ) x
            pivot 
            (
                 SUM(TotAmount)
                for ITEM_NAME in (‘ + @MyColumns + N‘)
            ) p ‘

exec sp_executesql @SQLquery;           

   RETURN                                              
    END

15、函数Function

之前我们介绍了MAX(),SUM(), GetDate()等最基本的SQL函数，现在我们来看看如何创建自定义SQL函数。创建函数的格式如下：

Create Function functionName
As
Begin
END

下面是一个简单的函数示例：

-- =============================================                                                                
-- Author      : Shanu                                                                
-- Create date : 2014-09-15                                                                
-- Description : To Display Pivot Data                                                        
-- Latest                                                                
-- Modifier    : Shanu                                                                
-- Modify date : 2014-09-15                                                                 

Alter FUNCTION [dbo].[ufnSelectitemMaster]()
RETURNS int 
AS 
-- Returns total Row count of Item Master.

BEGIN
  DECLARE @RowsCount AS int;

Select @RowsCount= count(*)+1 from ItemMasters
 RETURN @RowsCount;

END

-- to View Function we use select and fucntion Name
select [dbo].[ufnSelectitemMaster]()

下面的一个函数可以实现从给定的日期中得到当前月的最后一天：

-- =============================================                                                                
-- Author      : Shanu                                                                
-- Create date : 2014-09-15                                                                
-- Description : To Display Pivot Data                                                        
-- Latest                                                                
-- Modifier    : Shanu                                                                
-- Modify date : 2014-09-15    

ALTER FUNCTION [dbo].[ufn_LastDayOfMonth]
(
   @DATE NVARCHAR(10) 
)
RETURNS NVARCHAR(10)
AS
BEGIN
   RETURN CONVERT(NVARCHAR(10), DATEADD(D, -1, DATEADD(M, 1, CAST(SUBSTRING(@DATE,1,7) + ‘-01‘ AS DATETIME))), 120)
END
SELECT dbo.ufn_LastDayOfMonth(‘2014-09-01‘)AS LastDay