修改防火墙配置文件之前,需要对之前防火墙做好备份
重启防火墙后,需要确认防火墙状态和防火墙规则是否加载,若重启失败或规则加载失败,则所有请求都会被防火墙拦截
systemctl status firewall
#查看firewall服务状态
firewall-cmd --state
#查看firewall的状态
firewall-cmd --list-all
#查看防火墙规则(只显示/etc/firewalld/zones/public.xml中防火墙策略)
firewall-cmd --list-all-zones
#查看所有的防火墙策略(即显示/etc/firewalld/zones/下的所有策略)
firewall-cmd --reload
#重新加载配置文件
方法1、修改配置文件/etc/firewalld/zones/public.xml,重启或重新加载配置生效
[root@nginx01 zones]# cat public.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<zone>
<short>Public</short>
<description>For use in public areas. You do not trust the other computers on networks to not harm your computer. Only selected incoming connections are accepted.</description>
<rule family="ipv4">
<source address="122.x.x.234"/>
<port protocol="udp" port="514"/>
<accept/>
</rule>
<rule family="ipv4">
<source address="123.x.x.14"/>
<port protocol="tcp" port="10050-10051"/> ##可以开放端口地址范围"10050-10051",不单只限定一个端口
<accept/>
</rule>
<rule family="ipv4">
<source address="192.x.x.114"/> ##放通指定ip,指定端口、协议
<port protocol="tcp" port="80"/>
<accept/>
</rule>
<rule family="ipv4"> ##放通任意ip访问服务器的9527端口
<port protocol="tcp" port="9527"/>
<accept/>
</rule>
</zone>
firewall-cmd --reload
service firewalld restart #使配置文件重新加载
方法2、命令行修改防火墙策略,仍需重启firewalld.service或重新加载防火墙配置文件
firwall-cmd --permanent --add-port=9527/tcp 插入防火墙规则,放通9527端口。
success
#命令执行成功同时,在/etc/firewall/zones/public.xml中自动生成该规则。
<zone>
<short>xx.</short>
<description>xxx.</description>
<port protocol="tcp" port="9527"/>
</zone>
service firewalld restart
firewall-cmd --reload #重启或重新加载配置文件,使配置生效
firewall-cmd --list-all
firewall-cmd --permanent --query-port=9527/tcp #查询刚插入的规则是否生效
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent 添加防火墙规则;
firewall-cmd --reload 重新加载防火墙;
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-masquerade 允许内网上网;
/etc/firewalld/zones/public.xml添加策略标准规则:
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule 'rule family=ipv4 source address=122.x.x.234/24 port port=5423 protocol=tcp drop'
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule 'rule family=ipv4 source address=122.x.x.234 port port=80 protocol=tcp accept'
firewall-cmd --reload
[root@nginx02 ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (default, active)
interfaces: em1
sources:
services:
ports:
masquerade: no
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:
rule family="ipv4" source address="122.x.x.234" port port="5234" protocol="tcp" drop
rule family="ipv4" source address="122.x.x.234" port port="80" protocol="tcp" accept
rule family="ipv4" source address="123.x.x.14" port port="10050-10051" protocol="tcp" accept
二、以服务的形式(例如:ssh.xml/http.xml)添加新的防火墙策略
cat /etc/firewalld/zones/ssh.xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<zone>
<short>ssh</short>
<description>ssh.</description>
#fortress-new
<source address='122.x.x.2/29'/>
<service name='ssh'/>
</zone>
firewall-cmd --list-all-zones
ssh
interfaces:
sources: 122.x.x.2/29
services: ssh
ports:
masquerade: no
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:
...
因为在/usr/lib/firewalld/services/中事先定义了ssh.xml的相应的规则
cat /usr/lib/firewalld/services/ssh.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<service>
<short>SSH</short>
<description>Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol for logging into and executing commands on remote machines. It provides secure encrypted communications. If you plan on accessing your machine remotely via SSH over a firewalled interface, enable this option. You need the openssh-server package installed for this option to be useful.</description>
<port protocol="tcp" port="22"/>
</service>
##定义ssh.xml服务使用的协议,和通信的端口信息。
自定义服务(mongo.xml)模块
cat /usr/lib/firewalld/services/mongo.xml
<service>
<short>mongo</short>
<description>The service of mongo.</description>
<port protocol="tcp" port="27017"/>
</service>
防火墙应用服务器模块
cat /etc/firewalld/zones/mongo.xml
<zone>
<short>mongo</short>
<description>mongo service</description>
<source address="2.2.2.2/24"/>
<service name="mongo"/>
</zone>
查看mongo.xml服务的防火墙生效情况
firewall-cmd --list-all-zones
...
mongo
interfaces:
sources: 2.2.2.2/24
services: mongo
ports:
masquerade: no
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:
...
PS:如果一个IP同时应用在多个.xml服务,则只会在最先匹配的服务生效,之后的服务则不匹配该IP。若需要将该IP应用在多个服务,则需要另开服务,将该IP应用的服务都绑定在该服务下。
例如:10.10.86.44同时需要放通ssh、http、mysql等服务
cat multi.xml
<zone>
<short> multi services</short>
<description>IP of 10.10.86.44 apply in multi srevices.</description>
<source address="10.10.86.44"/>
<service name="ssh"/>
<service name="mysql"/>
<service name="http"/> ##同时添加多个服务
</zone>
firewall-cmd --list-all-zones
multi
interfaces:
sources: 10.10.86.44
services: http mysql ssh
ports:
masquerade: no
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:
总结:
(1)修改配置文件的方法和命令行添加防火墙策略的方法,都不能立即生效,需要重启或重新加载防火墙配置文件,是新的策略生效。
service firewalld restart
firewall-cmd --reload
(2)修改完防火墙后,一定要检查防火墙状态和策略加载状态,若失败则可能拦截所有请求。
(3)以服务(ssh.xml)的方式添加防火墙,可以方便管理。前提需要先查看/usr/lib/firewalld/services中是否定义相应的服务。
(4)若一个IP同时应用多个了服务,则会最先匹配第一个应用了该ip的服务,之后的服务中则不匹配。若需要同时应用到多个服务,则需要另开服务,在该服务(multi.xml)下同时应用多个服务(ssh/http/mysql等)
扩展文档:
1.CentOS7下Firewall防火墙配置用法详解
http://www.centoscn.com/CentOS/Intermediate/2015/0313/4879.html
2.在CentOS7.0 中默认的防火墙 “firewall” 使用方法
http://f.dataguru.cn/thread-473492-1-1.html
3.CentOS 7 巨大变动之 firewalld 取代 iptables
http://blog.csdn.net/smstong/article/details/39317277(外文官方文档)
4.CentOS 7 中firewall-cmd命令
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_43b39e250102v4zt.html
5.CentOS7 Firewall防火墙配置用法详解
http://www.111cn.net/sys/linux/75503.htm