2014-08-10 BaoXinjian
一、摘要
1. 冷备份
数据库在关闭状态下完成所有物理系统文件拷贝的过程，也称脱机备份
适合于非归档模式下，数据库处于一致性状态
2. 步骤
首先在运行的库中得到数据库运行的所有的物理文件位置，然后在计划内关闭数据库(shutdown)
再执行拷贝物理文家到备份路径或备份设备
备份完成后立即启动数据库让其提供正常的服务
3. 总结 - 优点
冷备模式下概念易于理解，即将需要备份的文件复制到安全的位置
操作比较简单，不需要太多的干预
容易恢复到某个时间点上(只需将文件再拷贝回去)
能与归档方法相结合，作数据库“最新状态”的恢复。
4. 总结 - 缺点
备份时，数据库必须处于一致性关闭状态
只能提供到某一时间点的恢复
备份时速度比较慢，尤其是数据量大性能影响比较大
不能实现基于表和用户级别的数据恢复
二、冷备份
案例：首先应该在相关视图里查出数据库的数据文件，日志文件，控制文件，临时文件所在的位置
注意：不要直接把oradata下的cp就行了，因为生产库里各个文件通常分布在不同的磁盘，不同的地方，所以在去视图里获得真实路径
1. 查看实例和数据库的相关信息
SQL> select instance_name,version,status,archiver,database_status from v$instance;
SQL> select dbid,name,log_mode from v$database;
2. 查看数据文件及状态信息
SQL> select file_name,tablespace_name,status,online_status from dba_data_files;
3. 查看数据文件
SQL> select name from v$datafile;
4. 查看临时文件
SQL> select name from v$tempfile;
5. 查看日志文件
SQL> select member from v$logfile;
6. 查看控制文件
SQL> select name from v$controlfile;
7. 创建备份目录
SQL> ho mkdir /opt/oracle/coolbak
8. 使用连接符生成复制文件命令
select ‘ho cp ‘ || name || ‘ &dir‘ from v$controlfile union all select ‘ho cp ‘ || name || ‘ &dir‘ from v$datafile union all select ‘ho cp ‘ || member || ‘ &dir‘ from v$logfile union all select ‘ho cp ‘ || name || ‘ &dir‘ from v$tempfile /
9. 使用连接符生成复制文件命令
[gavinsit.com]> vi /tmp/tmpbak.sql --编辑tmpbak.sql,将下面的内容输入到tmpbak.sql
set feedback off set heading off set verify off set trimspool off set pagesize 0 set linesize 200 define dir = ‘/opt/oracle/coolbak‘ define script = ‘/tmp/coolbak.sql‘ spool &script select ‘ho cp ‘ || name || ‘ &dir‘ from v$controlfile union all select ‘ho cp ‘ || name || ‘ &dir‘ from v$datafile union all select ‘ho cp ‘ || member || ‘ &dir‘ from v$logfile union all select ‘ho cp ‘ || name || ‘ &dir‘ from v$tempfile / create pfile = ‘&dir/spfilegavinsit.ora‘ from spfile; ho cp /opt/oracle/product/11.2.0/gavinsit/dbs/orapwgavinsit &dir spool off shutdown immediate start &script ho rm &script startup
8. 执行过程及数据库启动略
SQL> @/tmp/tmpbak.sql;
SQL> @/tmp/tmpbak.sql ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/control01.ctl /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/gavinsit/control02.ctl /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/system01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/sysaux01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/undotbs01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/users01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/example01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/bxj_emp_data01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/bxj_emp_data02.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/redo03.log /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/redo02.log /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/redo01.log /opt/oracle/coolbak ho cp /opt/oracle/oradata/gavinsit/temp01.dbf /opt/oracle/coolbak Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down.
9. 启动后查看备份的文件
ls /opt/oracle/coolbak
control01.ctl orapworcl redo2b.rdo system01.dbf users01.dbf
control02.ctl redo1a.rdo redo3a.rdo tbs1_1.dbf
example01.dbf redo1b.rdo redo3b.rdo tbs1_2.dbf
initorcl.ora redo2a.rdo sysaux01.dbf undotbs01.dbf
********************作者：鲍新建********************
参考：http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/5791597