以下是手写字识别的整个代码

1、读取data(pd.read_csv())；
2、构造trainData, valData；
3、对trainData进行增强（dataGeneration）；
4、创建model = keras.model()；
5、使用增强后的数据，对模型进行训练；
6、利用训练好的模型，进行预测；
7、对训练好的模型，进行评估（evaluate）；

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.image as mpimg
import seaborn as sns

np.random.seed(2)

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
import itertools


from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical # convert to one-hot-encoding
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten, Conv2D, MaxPool2D
from keras.optimizers import RMSprop
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras.callbacks import ReduceLROnPlateau

sns.set(style='white', context='notebook', palette='deep')

random_seed = 2

# testCSV
trainData = pd.read_csv(r'../resources/train.csv')
test= pd.read_csv(r'../resources/test.csv')

Y_train = trainData['label']
X_train = trainData.drop(labels = ["label"],axis = 1)

# free some space
del trainData

X_train = X_train.values.reshape(-1,28,28,1)
test = test.values.reshape(-1,28,28,1)

Y_train = to_categorical(Y_train, num_classes = 10)

# Split the train and the validation set for the fitting
X_train, X_val, Y_train, Y_val = train_test_split(X_train, Y_train, test_size = 0.1, random_state=random_seed)


#定义CNN模型
model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(filters = 32, kernel_size = (5,5),padding = 'Same',
                 activation ='relu', input_shape = (28,28,1)))
model.add(Conv2D(filters = 32, kernel_size = (5,5),padding = 'Same',
                 activation ='relu'))
model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2)))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))
model.add(Conv2D(filters = 64, kernel_size = (3,3),padding = 'Same',
                 activation ='relu'))
model.add(Conv2D(filters = 64, kernel_size = (3,3),padding = 'Same',
                 activation ='relu'))
model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2,2), strides=(2,2)))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(256, activation = "relu"))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(10, activation = "softmax"))


#定义优化函数
# Define the optimizer
optimizer = RMSprop(lr=0.001, rho=0.9, epsilon=1e-08, decay=0.0)

# Compile the model
model.compile(optimizer = optimizer , loss = "categorical_crossentropy", metrics=["accuracy"])

learning_rate_reduction = ReduceLROnPlateau(monitor='val_acc',
                                            patience=3,
                                            verbose=1,
                                            factor=0.5,
                                            min_lr=0.00001)

## 对原始图像进行增强；
datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
    featurewise_center=False,  # set input mean to 0 over the dataset
    samplewise_center=False,  # set each sample mean to 0
    featurewise_std_normalization=False,  # divide inputs by std of the dataset
    samplewise_std_normalization=False,  # divide each input by its std
    zca_whitening=False,  # apply ZCA whitening
    rotation_range=10,  # randomly rotate images in the range (degrees, 0 to 180)
    zoom_range= 0.1, # Randomly zoom image
    width_shift_range=0.1,  # randomly shift images horizontally (fraction of total width)
    height_shift_range=0.1,  # randomly shift images vertically (fraction of total height)
    horizontal_flip=False,  # randomly flip images
    vertical_flip=False)  # randomly flip images

datagen.fit(X_train)

epochs = 1 # Turn epochs to 30 to get 0.9967 accuracy
batch_size = 86

history = model.fit_generator(datagen.flow(X_train,Y_train, batch_size=batch_size),
                              epochs = epochs, validation_data = (X_val,Y_val),
                              verbose = 2, steps_per_epoch=X_train.shape[0] // batch_size
                              , callbacks=[learning_rate_reduction])

fig, ax = plt.subplots(2,1)
ax[0].plot(history.history['loss'], color='b', label="Training loss")
ax[0].plot(history.history['val_loss'], color='r', label="validation loss",axes =ax[0])
legend = ax[0].legend(loc='best', shadow=True)

# ax[1].plot(history.history['acc'], color='b', label="Training accuracy")
# ax[1].plot(history.history['val_acc'], color='r',label="Validation accuracy")
legend = ax[1].legend(loc='best', shadow=True)

def plot_confusion_matrix(cm, classes,
                          normalize=False,
                          title='Confusion matrix',
                          cmap=plt.cm.Blues):
    """
    This function prints and plots the confusion matrix.
    Normalization can be applied by setting `normalize=True`.
    """
    plt.imshow(cm, interpolation='nearest', cmap=cmap)
    plt.title(title)
    plt.colorbar()
    tick_marks = np.arange(len(classes))
    plt.xticks(tick_marks, classes, rotation=45)
    plt.yticks(tick_marks, classes)

    if normalize:
        cm = cm.astype('float') / cm.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]

    thresh = cm.max() / 2.
    for i, j in itertools.product(range(cm.shape[0]), range(cm.shape[1])):
        plt.text(j, i, cm[i, j],
                 horizontalalignment="center",
                 color="white" if cm[i, j] > thresh else "black")

    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.ylabel('True label')
    plt.xlabel('Predicted label')

# Predict the values from the validation dataset
Y_pred = model.predict(X_val)
# Convert predictions classes to one hot vectors
Y_pred_classes = np.argmax(Y_pred,axis = 1)
# Convert validation observations to one hot vectors
Y_true = np.argmax(Y_val,axis = 1)
# compute the confusion matrix
confusion_mtx = confusion_matrix(Y_true, Y_pred_classes)
# plot the confusion matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(confusion_mtx, classes = range(10))

plt.show()

errors = (Y_pred_classes - Y_true != 0)

Y_pred_classes_errors = Y_pred_classes[errors]
Y_pred_errors = Y_pred[errors]
Y_true_errors = Y_true[errors]
X_val_errors = X_val[errors]

def display_errors(errors_index,img_errors,pred_errors, obs_errors):
    """ This function shows 6 images with their predicted and real labels"""
    n = 0
    nrows = 2
    ncols = 3
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows,ncols,sharex=True,sharey=True)
    for row in range(nrows):
        for col in range(ncols):
            error = errors_index[n]
            ax[row,col].imshow((img_errors[error]).reshape((28,28)))
            ax[row,col].set_title("Predicted label :{}\nTrue label :{}".format(pred_errors[error],obs_errors[error]))
            n += 1

# Probabilities of the wrong predicted numbers
Y_pred_errors_prob = np.max(Y_pred_errors,axis = 1)

# Predicted probabilities of the true values in the error set
true_prob_errors = np.diagonal(np.take(Y_pred_errors, Y_true_errors, axis=1))

# Difference between the probability of the predicted label and the true label
delta_pred_true_errors = Y_pred_errors_prob - true_prob_errors

# Sorted list of the delta prob errors
sorted_dela_errors = np.argsort(delta_pred_true_errors)

# Top 6 errors
most_important_errors = sorted_dela_errors[-6:]

# Show the top 6 errors
display_errors(most_important_errors, X_val_errors, Y_pred_classes_errors, Y_true_errors)
plt.show()

# predict results
results = model.predict(test)

# select the indix with the maximum probability
results = np.argmax(results,axis = 1)

results = pd.Series(results,name="Label")

submission = pd.concat([pd.Series(range(1,28001),name = "ImageId"),results],axis = 1)
submission.to_csv("./resources/fzh_cnn_mnist_datagen.csv",index=False)