字符串属性方法

1. >>> str='string learn'
2. >>> dir(str)
3. ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_formatter_field_name_split', '_formatter_parser', 'capitalize', 'center', 'count', 'decode', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdigit', 'islower', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']

字符串搜索定位与替换

1. >>> str='string lEARn'
2. >>>
3. >>> str.find('a')      #查找字符串，没有则返回-1，有则返回查到到第一个匹配的索引
4. -1
5. >>> str.find('n')
6. 4
7. >>> str.rfind('n')     #同上，只是返回的索引是最后一次匹配的
8. 11
9. >>>
10. >>> str.index('a')     #如果没有匹配则报错
11. Traceback (most recent call last):
12. File "", line 1, in <module>
13. ValueError: substring not found
14. >>> str.index('n')     #同find类似,返回第一次匹配的索引值
15. 4
16. >>> str.rindex('n')    #返回最后一次匹配的索引值
17. 11
18. >>>
19. >>> str.count('a')     #字符串中匹配的次数
20. 0
21. >>> str.count('n')     #同上
22. 2
23. >>>
24. >>> str.replace('EAR','ear')  #匹配替换
25. 'string learn'
26. >>> str.replace('n','N')
27. 'striNg lEARN'
28. >>> str.replace('n','N',1)
29. 'striNg lEARn'
30. >>>
31. >>>
32. >>> str.strip('n')   #删除字符串首尾匹配的字符，通常用于默认删除回车符
33. 'string lEAR'
34. >>> str.lstrip('n')  #左匹配
35. 'string lEARn'
36. >>> str.rstrip('n')  #右匹配
37. 'string lEAR'
38. >>>
39. >>> str=' tab'
40. >>> str.expandtabs()  #把制表符转为空格
41. '      tab'
42. >>> str.expandtabs(2) #指定空格数
43. ' tab'

字符串分割变换

1. >>> str='Learn string'
2. >>> '-'.join(str)
3. 'L-e-a-r-n- -s-t-r-i-n-g'
4. >>> l1=['Learn','string']
5. >>> '-'.join(l1)
6. 'Learn-string'
7. >>>
8. >>> str.split('n')
9. ['Lear', ' stri', 'g']
10. >>> str.split('n',1)
11. ['Lear', ' string']
12. >>> str.rsplit('n',1)
13. ['Learn stri', 'g']
14. >>>
15. >>> str.splitlines()
16. ['Learn string']
17. >>>
18. >>> str.partition('n')
19. ('Lear', 'n', ' string')
20. >>> str.rpartition('n')
21. ('Learn stri', 'n', 'g')

string模块源代码

1. """A collection of string operations (most are no longer used).
2. Warning: most of the code you see here isn't normally used nowadays.
3. Beginning with Python 1.6, many of these functions are implemented as
4. methods on the standard string object. They used to be implemented by
5. a built-in module called strop, but strop is now obsolete itself.
6. Public module variables:
7. whitespace -- a string containing all characters considered whitespace
8. lowercase -- a string containing all characters considered lowercase letters
9. uppercase -- a string containing all characters considered uppercase letters
10. letters -- a string containing all characters considered letters
11. digits -- a string containing all characters considered decimal digits
12. hexdigits -- a string containing all characters considered hexadecimal digits
13. octdigits -- a string containing all characters considered octal digits
14. punctuation -- a string containing all characters considered punctuation
15. printable -- a string containing all characters considered printable
16. """
17. # Some strings for ctype-style character classification
18. whitespace = ' \t\n\r\v\f'
19. lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
20. uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
21. letters = lowercase + uppercase
22. ascii_lowercase = lowercase
23. ascii_uppercase = uppercase
24. ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase
25. digits = '0123456789'
26. hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'
27. octdigits = '01234567'
28. punctuation = """!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""
29. printable = digits + letters + punctuation + whitespace
30. # Case conversion helpers
31. # Use str to convert Unicode literal in case of -U
32. l = map(chr, xrange(256))
33. _idmap = str('').join(l)
34. del l
35. # Functions which aren't available as string methods.
36. # Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc dEf " -> "Abc Def".
37. def capwords(s, sep=None):
38. """capwords(s [,sep]) -> string
39. Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each
40. word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using
41. join. If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,
42. runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space
43. and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise
44. sep is used to split and join the words.
45. """
46. return (sep or ' ').join(x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep))
47. # Construct a translation string
48. _idmapL = None
49. def maketrans(fromstr, tostr):
50. """maketrans(frm, to) -> string
51. Return a translation table (a string of 256 bytes long)
52. suitable for use in string.translate. The strings frm and to
53. must be of the same length.
54. """
55. if len(fromstr) != len(tostr):
56. raise ValueError, "maketrans arguments must have same length"
57. global _idmapL
58. if not _idmapL:
59. _idmapL = list(_idmap)
60. L = _idmapL[:]
61. fromstr = map(ord, fromstr)
62. for i in range(len(fromstr)):
63. L[fromstr[i]] = tostr[i]
64. return ''.join(L)
65. ####################################################################
66. import re as _re
67. class _multimap:
68. """Helper class for combining multiple mappings.
69. Used by .{safe_,}substitute() to combine the mapping and keyword
70. arguments.
71. """
72. def __init__(self, primary, secondary):
73. self._primary = primary
74. self._secondary = secondary
75. def __getitem__(self, key):
76. try:
77. return self._primary[key]
78. except KeyError:
79. return self._secondary[key]
80. class _TemplateMetaclass(type):
81. pattern = r"""
82. %(delim)s(?:
83. (?P%(delim)s) | # Escape sequence of two delimiters
84. (?P%(id)s) | # delimiter and a Python identifier
85. {(?P%(id)s)} | # delimiter and a braced identifier
86. (?P) # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs
87. )
88. """
89. def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
90. super(_TemplateMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
91. if 'pattern' in dct:
92. pattern = cls.pattern
93. else:
94. pattern = _TemplateMetaclass.pattern % {
95. 'delim' : _re.escape(cls.delimiter),
96. 'id' : cls.idpattern,
97. }
98. cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, _re.IGNORECASE | _re.VERBOSE)
99. class Template:
100. """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""
101. __metaclass__ = _TemplateMetaclass
102. delimiter = '$'
103. idpattern = r'[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*'
104. def __init__(self, template):
105. self.template = template
106. # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s
107. def _invalid(self, mo):
108. i = mo.start('invalid')
109. lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(True)
110. if not lines:
111. colno = 1
112. lineno = 1
113. else:
114. colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))
115. lineno = len(lines)
116. raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %
117. (lineno, colno))
118. def substitute(self, *args, **kws):
119. if len(args) > 1:
120. raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
121. if not args:
122. mapping = kws
123. elif kws:
124. mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
125. else:
126. mapping = args[0]
127. # Helper function for .sub()
128. def convert(mo):
129. # Check the most common path first.
130. named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
131. if named is not None:
132. val = mapping[named]
133. # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter will
134. # fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII characters.
135. return '%s' % (val,)
136. if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
137. return self.delimiter
138. if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
139. self._invalid(mo)
140. raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
141. self.pattern)
142. return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
143. def safe_substitute(self, *args, **kws):
144. if len(args) > 1:
145. raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
146. if not args:
147. mapping = kws
148. elif kws:
149. mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
150. else:
151. mapping = args[0]
152. # Helper function for .sub()
153. def convert(mo):
154. named = mo.group('named')
155. if named is not None:
156. try:
157. # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter
158. # will fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII
159. return '%s' % (mapping[named],)
160. except KeyError:
161. return self.delimiter + named
162. braced = mo.group('braced')
163. if braced is not None:
164. try:
165. return '%s' % (mapping[braced],)
166. except KeyError:
167. return self.delimiter + '{' + braced + '}'
168. if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
169. return self.delimiter
170. if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
171. return self.delimiter
172. raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
173. self.pattern)
174. return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
175. ####################################################################
176. # NOTE: Everything below here is deprecated. Use string methods instead.
177. # This stuff will go away in Python 3.0.
178. # Backward compatible names for exceptions
179. index_error = ValueError
180. atoi_error = ValueError
181. atof_error = ValueError
182. atol_error = ValueError
183. # convert UPPER CASE letters to lower case
184. def lower(s):
185. """lower(s) -> string
186. Return a copy of the string s converted to lowercase.
187. """
188. return s.lower()
189. # Convert lower case letters to UPPER CASE
190. def upper(s):
191. """upper(s) -> string
192. Return a copy of the string s converted to uppercase.
193. """
194. return s.upper()
195. # Swap lower case letters and UPPER CASE
196. def swapcase(s):
197. """swapcase(s) -> string
198. Return a copy of the string s with upper case characters
199. converted to lowercase and vice versa.
200. """
201. return s.swapcase()
202. # Strip leading and trailing tabs and spaces
203. def strip(s, chars=None):
204. """strip(s [,chars]) -> string
205. Return a copy of the string s with leading and trailing
206. whitespace removed.
207. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
208. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping.
209. """
210. return s.strip(chars)
211. # Strip leading tabs and spaces
212. def lstrip(s, chars=None):
213. """lstrip(s [,chars]) -> string
214. Return a copy of the string s with leading whitespace removed.
215. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
216. """
217. return s.lstrip(chars)
218. # Strip trailing tabs and spaces
219. def rstrip(s, chars=None):
220. """rstrip(s [,chars]) -> string
221. Return a copy of the string s with trailing whitespace removed.
222. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
223. """
224. return s.rstrip(chars)
225. # Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words
226. def split(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
227. """split(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
228. Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the
229. delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, splits at no more than
230. maxsplit places (resulting in at most maxsplit+1 words). If sep
231. is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.
232. (split and splitfields are synonymous)
233. """
234. return s.split(sep, maxsplit)
235. splitfields = split
236. # Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words
237. def rsplit(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
238. """rsplit(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
239. Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the
240. delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
241. to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
242. done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
243. is a separator.
244. """
245. return s.rsplit(sep, maxsplit)
246. # Join fields with optional separator
247. def join(words, sep = ' '):
248. """join(list [,sep]) -> string
249. Return a string composed of the words in list, with
250. intervening occurrences of sep. The default separator is a
251. single space.
252. (joinfields and join are synonymous)
253. """
254. return sep.join(words)
255. joinfields = join
256. # Find substring, raise exception if not found
257. def index(s, *args):
258. """index(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
259. Like find but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
260. """
261. return s.index(*args)
262. # Find last substring, raise exception if not found
263. def rindex(s, *args):
264. """rindex(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
265. Like rfind but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
266. """
267. return s.rindex(*args)
268. # Count non-overlapping occurrences of substring
269. def count(s, *args):
270. """count(s, sub[, start[,end]]) -> int
271. Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string
272. s[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
273. interpreted as in slice notation.
274. """
275. return s.count(*args)
276. # Find substring, return -1 if not found
277. def find(s, *args):
278. """find(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> in
279. Return the lowest index in s where substring sub is found,
280. such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
281. arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
282. Return -1 on failure.
283. """
284. return s.find(*args)
285. # Find last substring, return -1 if not found
286. def rfind(s, *args):
287. """rfind(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
288. Return the highest index in s where substring sub is found,
289. such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
290. arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
291. Return -1 on failure.
292. """
293. return s.rfind(*args)
294. # for a bit of speed
295. _float = float
296. _int = int
297. _long = long
298. # Convert string to float
299. def atof(s):
300. """atof(s) -> float
301. Return the floating point number represented by the string s.
302. """
303. return _float(s)
304. # Convert string to integer
305. def atoi(s , base=10):
306. """atoi(s [,base]) -> int
307. Return the integer represented by the string s in the given
308. base, which defaults to 10. The string s must consist of one
309. or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign. If base is 0, it
310. is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for octal, 0x or
311. 0X for hexadecimal. If base is 16, a preceding 0x or 0X is
312. accepted.
313. """
314. return _int(s, base)
315. # Convert string to long integer
316. def atol(s, base=10):
317. """atol(s [,base]) -> long
318. Return the long integer represented by the string s in the
319. given base, which defaults to 10. The string s must consist
320. of one or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign. If base
321. is 0, it is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for
322. octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal. If base is 16, a preceding
323. 0x or 0X is accepted. A trailing L or l is not accepted,
324. unless base is 0.
325. """
326. return _long(s, base)
327. # Left-justify a string
328. def ljust(s, width, *args):
329. """ljust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
330. Return a left-justified version of s, in a field of the
331. specified width, padded with spaces as needed. The string is
332. never truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
333. """
334. return s.ljust(width, *args)
335. # Right-justify a string
336. def rjust(s, width, *args):
337. """rjust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
338. Return a right-justified version of s, in a field of the
339. specified width, padded with spaces as needed. The string is
340. never truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
341. """
342. return s.rjust(width, *args)
343. # Center a string
344. def center(s, width, *args):
345. """center(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
346. Return a center version of s, in a field of the specified
347. width. padded with spaces as needed. The string is never
348. truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
349. """
350. return s.center(width, *args)
351. # Zero-fill a number, e.g., (12, 3) --> '012' and (-3, 3) --> '-03'
352. # Decadent feature: the argument may be a string or a number
353. # (Use of this is deprecated; it should be a string as with ljust c.s.)
354. def zfill(x, width):
355. """zfill(x, width) -> string
356. Pad a numeric string x with zeros on the left, to fill a field
357. of the specified width. The string x is never truncated.
358. """
359. if not isinstance(x, basestring):
360. x = repr(x)
361. return x.zfill(width)
362. # Expand tabs in a string.
363. # Doesn't take non-printing chars into account, but does understand \n.
364. def expandtabs(s, tabsize=8):
365. """expandtabs(s [,tabsize]) -> string
366. Return a copy of the string s with all tab characters replaced
367. by the appropriate number of spaces, depending on the current
368. column, and the tabsize (default 8).
369. """
370. return s.expandtabs(tabsize)
371. # Character translation through look-up table.
372. def translate(s, table, deletions=""):
373. """translate(s,table [,deletions]) -> string
374. Return a copy of the string s, where all characters occurring
375. in the optional argument deletions are removed, and the
376. remaining characters have been mapped through the given
377. translation table, which must be a string of length 256. The
378. deletions argument is not allowed for Unicode strings.
379. """
380. if deletions or table is None:
381. return s.translate(table, deletions)
382. else:
383. # Add s[:0] so that if s is Unicode and table is an 8-bit string,
384. # table is converted to Unicode. This means that table *cannot*
385. # be a dictionary -- for that feature, use u.translate() directly.
386. return s.translate(table + s[:0])
387. # Capitalize a string, e.g. "aBc dEf" -> "Abc def".
388. def capitalize(s):
389. """capitalize(s) -> string
390. Return a copy of the string s with only its first character
391. capitalized.
392. """
393. return s.capitalize()
394. # Substring replacement (global)
395. def replace(s, old, new, maxsplit=-1):
396. """replace (str, old, new[, maxsplit]) -> string
397. Return a copy of string str with all occurrences of substring
398. old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxsplit is
399. given, only the first maxsplit occurrences are replaced.
400. """
401. return s.replace(old, new, maxsplit)
402. # Try importing optional built-in module "strop" -- if it exists,
403. # it redefines some string operations that are 100-1000 times faster.
404. # It also defines values for whitespace, lowercase and uppercase
405. # that match <ctype.h>'s definitions.
406. try:
407. from strop import maketrans, lowercase, uppercase, whitespace
408. letters = lowercase + uppercase
409. except ImportError:
410. pass # Use the original versions
411. ########################################################################
412. # the Formatter class
413. # see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class
414. # The hard parts are reused from the C implementation. They're exposed as "_"
415. # prefixed methods of str and unicode.
416. # The overall parser is implemented in str._formatter_parser.
417. # The field name parser is implemented in str._formatter_field_name_split
418. class Formatter(object):
419. def format(self, format_string, *args, **kwargs):
420. return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)
421. def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
422. used_args = set()
423. result = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
424. self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
425. return result
426. def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth):
427. if recursion_depth < 0:
428. raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
429. result = []
430. for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
431. self.parse(format_string):
432. # output the literal text
433. if literal_text:
434. result.append(literal_text)
435. # if there's a field, output it
436. if field_name is not None:
437. # this is some markup, find the object and do
438. # the formatting
439. # given the field_name, find the object it references
440. # and the argument it came from
441. obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
442. used_args.add(arg_used)
443. # do any conversion on the resulting object
444. obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)
445. # expand the format spec, if needed
446. format_spec = self._vformat(format_spec, args, kwargs,
447. used_args, recursion_depth-1)
448. # format the object and append to the result
449. result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))
450. return ''.join(result)
451. def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):
452. if isinstance(key, (int, long)):
453. return args[key]
454. else:
455. return kwargs[key]
456. def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):
457. pass
458. def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
459. return format(value, format_spec)
460. def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
461. # do any conversion on the resulting object
462. if conversion == 'r':
463. return repr(value)
464. elif conversion == 's':
465. return str(value)
466. elif conversion is None:
467. return value
468. raise ValueError("Unknown converion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))
469. # returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:
470. # (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)
471. # literal_text can be zero length
472. # field_name can be None, in which case there's no
473. # object to format and output
474. # if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted
475. # with format_spec and conversion and then used
476. def parse(self, format_string):
477. return format_string._formatter_parser()
478. # given a field_name, find the object it references.
479. # field_name: the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"
480. # or "lookup[3]"
481. # used_args: a set of which args have been used
482. # args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat
483. def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
484. first, rest = field_name._formatter_field_name_split()
485. obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)
486. # loop through the rest of the field_name, doing
487. # getattr or getitem as needed
488. for is_attr, i in rest:
489. if is_attr:
490. obj = getattr(obj, i)
491. else:
492. obj = obj[i]
493. return obj, first