本篇内容
- 内置函数
- 匿名函数
- re模块
- time模块
- random模块
- os模块
- sys模块
- json与pickle模块
- shelve模块
一、 内置函数
1.定义
内置函数又被称为工厂函数。
2.常用的内置函数
（1）abs()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(abs(-1))
（2）all()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(all([1,2,'a',None]))
print(all([]))
（3）any()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(any([]))
print(any([' ',None,False]))
print(any(['',None,False]))
print(any(['',None,False,1]))
（4）bin(),oct(),hex()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(bin(10))
print(oct(10))
print(hex(10))
（5）bytes()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei #unicode----encode----->bytes
print('hello'.encode('utf-8'))
print(bytes('hello',encoding='utf-8'))
（6）callable()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(callable(bytes))
print(callable(abs))
（7）chr(),ord()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(chr(65))
print(chr(90))
print(ord('#'))
（8）int()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei x=1
print(type(x))
x=int(2)
print(type(x))
complex()、float()、str()、list()、tuple()、dict()与int()同理
（9）set()，可变集合
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei s={1,2,3,4}
print(type(s))
（10）frozenset()，不可变集合
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei s1=frozenset({1,2,3,4})
print(type(s1))
（11）dir()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import sys
#sys.path
# sys.argv
print(dir(sys))
（12）divmod()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(divmod(10,3))
print(divmod(102,20))
（13）enumerate()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei l=['a','b','c']
res=enumerate(l)
for i in res:
print(i)
for index,item in enumerate(l):
print(index,item)
（14）globals(),locals()，查看全局作用域和局部作用域
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(globals())
（15）hash()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(hash('abcdefg123'))
print(hash('abcdefg123'))
（16）help()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei def func():
'''
test function
:return:
'''
pass print(help(func))
（17）id()，是python解释器实现的功能，只是反映了变量在内存的地址，但并不是真实的内存地址
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei x=1
print(id(x))
def func():
pass
print(id(func))
print(func)
（18）isinstance()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei x=1
print(type(x) is int)
print(isinstance(x,int))
（19）max(),min()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(max([1,2,3,10]))
print(max(['a','b']))
print(min([1,2,3,10]))
（20）pow()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(pow(3,2,2)) #3**2%2
（21）repr(),str()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(type(str(1)))
print(type(repr(1)))
（22）reversed()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei l=[1,'a',2,'c']
print(list(reversed(l)))
print(l)
（23）slice()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei l=[1,2,3,4,5,6]
print(l[0:4:2]) s=slice(0,4,2)
print(l[s])
（24）sorted()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei l=[1,10,4,3,-1]
print(sorted(l,reverse=True))
（25）sum()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(sum([1, 2,3]))
print(sum(i for i in range(10)))
（26）vars()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import m1
print(vars(m1) == m1.__dict__)
（27）zip()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei s='helloss'
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
print(list(zip(s,l)))
（28）__import__()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import sys m_name=input('module>>: ')
if m_name == 'sys':
m=__import__(m_name)
print(m)
print(m.path) sys=__import__('sys')
print(sys)
（29）round()
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei print(round(3.565,2))
print(round(3.555,2))
二、 匿名函数
1.定义
匿名函数：
（1）没有名字。
（2）函数体自带return。
匿名函数的应用场景：
应用于一次性的场景，临时使用。
2.使用
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei def func(x,y,z=1):
return x+y+z print(func)
print(func(1,2,3)) print(lambda x,y,z=1:x+y+z)
f=lambda x,y,z=1:x+y+z
print(f)
print(f(1,2,3))
三、 re模块
（1）
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re print(re.findall('\w','hello_ | yanglei 123'))
print(re.findall('\W','hello_ | yanglei 123'))
print(re.findall('\s','hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('\S','hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('\d','hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('\D','hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('h','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('\Ahe','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('^he','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t'))
print(re.findall('123\Z','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123'))
print(re.findall('123$','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123'))
print(re.findall('\n','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123'))
print(re.findall('\t','hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123'))
（2）. [] [^]
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re #.本身代表任意一个字符
print(re.findall('a.c','a a1c a*c a2c abc a c aaaaaac aacc')) #[]内部可以有多个字符，但是本身只配多个字符中的一个
print(re.findall('a[0-9][0-9]c','a a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc',re.S))
print(re.findall('a[a-zA-Z]c','aac abc aAc a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc',re.S))
print(re.findall('a[^a-zA-Z]c','aac abc aAc a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc',re.S))
print(re.findall('a[\+\/\*\-]c','a-c a+c a/c aac abc aAc a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc',re.S))
（3）\：转义
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re print(re.findall(r'a\\c','a\c abc'))
（4）? * + {}：左边有几个字符，如果有的话，贪婪匹配
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re #?左边那一个字符有0个或者1个
print(re.findall('ab?','aab a ab aaaa')) #*左边那一个字符有0个或者无穷个
print(re.findall('ab*','a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb'))
print(re.findall('ab{0,}','a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb')) #+左边那一个字符有1个或者无穷个
print(re.findall('ab+','a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb'))
print(re.findall('ab{1,}','a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb')) #{n,m}左边的字符有n-m次
print(re.findall('ab{3}','a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb'))
print(re.findall('ab{2,3}','a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb'))
（5）.* .*?
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re #.*贪婪匹配
print(re.findall('a.*c','a123c456c')) #.*?非贪婪匹配
print(re.findall('a.*?c','a123c456c'))
（6）|
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re print(re.findall('company|companies','Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company'))
print(re.findall('compan|companies','Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company'))
（7）()：分组
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re print(re.findall('ab+','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('ab+123','abababab123')) print(re.findall('ab','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('(ab)','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('(a)b','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('a(b)','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('(ab)+','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('(?:ab)+','abababab123')) print(re.findall('(ab)+123','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('(?:ab)+123','abababab123'))
print(re.findall('(ab)+(123)','abababab123')) print(re.findall('compan(y|ies)','Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company'))
print(re.findall('compan(?:y|ies)','Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company'))
（8）re的其他方法
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import re print(re.findall('ab','abababab123'))
print(re.search('ab','abababab123').group())
print(re.search('ab','12aasssdddssssssss3'))
print(re.search('ab','12aasssdddsssssssab3sssssss').group())
print(re.search('ab','123ab456')) print(re.match('ab','123ab456')) print(re.split('b','abcde'))
print(re.split('[ab]','abcde')) print(re.sub('xiaolan','xiaohong','xiaolan make love xiaolan xiaolan',1))
print(re.subn('xiaolan','xiaohong','xiaolan make love xiaolan xiaolan',1))
print(re.sub('(\w+)(\W+)(\w+)(\W+)(\w+)',r'\5\2\3\4\1','Toms make love'))
print(re.sub('(\w+)( .* )(\w+)',r'\3\2\1','Toms make love')) obj=re.compile('\d{2}')
print(obj.search('abc123eeee').group())
print(obj.findall('abc123eeee'))
四、time模块
模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import time print(time.time())
print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %X')) print(time.localtime())
print(time.gmtime()) #UTC
print(time.localtime().tm_mon) print(time.localtime(123123123))
print(time.gmtime(123123123)) print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) print(time.strftime('%Y',time.gmtime())) '2017-03-01'
print(time.strptime('2017-03-01','%Y-%m-%d')) print(time.ctime(12312312))
print(time.asctime(time.gmtime()))
五、random模块
1.模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import random
print(random.sample([1,'23',[4,5]],2)) print(random.uniform(1,3)) item=[1,3,5,7,9]
random.shuffle(item)
print(item)
2. 生成秘钥应用
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import random
def make_code(n):
res=''
for i in range(n):
s1=str(random.randint(0,9))
s2=chr(random.randint(65,90))
res+=random.choice([s1,s2])
return res
print(make_code(10))
六、os模块
模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import os print(os.listdir('.')) print(os.stat('m1.py').st_size) print(os.sep)
print(os.linesep)
print(os.pathsep) print([os.sep,os.linesep,os.pathsep]) res=os.system('dir .')
print('====?>',res) print(os.path.dirname(r'C:\a\b\c\d\a.txt'))
print(os.path.basename(r'C:\a\b\c\d\a.txt'))
print(os.path.split(r'C:\a\b\c\d\a.txt')) print(os.stat('m1.py').st_atime)
print(os.stat('m1.py').st_size)
print(os.path.getsize('m1.py')) print(os.path.join('C:\\','a','b','c','d.txt'))
print(os.path.join('C:\\','a','b','D:\\','c','d.txt')) print(os.path.normcase('c:/wiNdows\\system32\\') ) print(os.path.normpath('c://wIndows\\System32\\../Temp/') ) a='/Users/jieli/test1/\\\a1/\\\\aa.py/../..'
print(os.path.normpath(a)) print(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))) BASE_DIR=os.path.normpath(os.path.join(
os.path.abspath(__file__),
'..',
'..'
)
)
print(BASE_DIR)
七、sys模块
模拟进度条应用
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import sys,time def progress(percent,width=50): #51
if percent >= 100:
# print('\r[%s] 100%%' %(width*'#'))
percent=100
show_str=('[%%-%ds]' %width) %(int(width*percent/100)*'#')
print('\r%s %d%%' %(show_str,percent),file=sys.stdout,flush=True,end='')
#
total_size=1025121
recv_size=0 while recv_size < total_size:
time.sleep(0.01) #模拟下载的网络延迟
recv_size+=1024
recv_per=int(100*recv_size/total_size)
progress(recv_per,width=10)
八、json与pickle模块
（1）json
应用平台广泛
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import json
dic={'name':'yanglei','age':23} print(type(json.dumps(dic))) with open('a.json','w') as f:
f.write(json.dumps(dic)) with open('a.json','r') as f:
data=f.read()
dic=json.loads(data)
print(dic['name']) dic={'name':'yanglei','age':23}
json.dump(dic,open('b.json','w'))
print(json.load(open('b.json','r'))['name']) with open('c.json','r') as f:
data=f.read()
#[null,true,false,1]
eval(data)
（2）pickle
只对python有效
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import pickle dic={'name':'yanglei','age':23} print(pickle.dumps(dic))
with open('d.pkl','wb') as f:
f.write(pickle.dumps(dic)) with open('d.pkl','rb') as f:
dic=pickle.loads(f.read())
print(dic['name']) dic={'name':'yanglei','age':23}
pickle.dump(dic,open('e.pkl','wb')) print(pickle.load(open('e.pkl','rb'))['name']) def func():
print('from func') import json
print(json.dumps(func)) import pickle
print(pickle.dumps(func))
pickle.dump(func,open('func.pkl','wb'))
九、shelve模块
模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python
#encoding: utf-8
#author: YangLei import shelve f=shelve.open(r'sheve.shl') f['yanglei']={'age':23,'pwd':'123456'}
f['xiaolan']={'age':18,'pwd':'123456'}
f.close() obj=shelve.open(r'sheve.shl') print(obj['yanglei'])
print(obj['xiaolan']) obj.close() for i in obj:
print(i,obj[i])