Explain有什么用
当Explain 与 SQL语句一起使用时，MySQL 会显示来自优化器关于SQL执行的信息。也就是说，MySQL解释了它将如何处理该语句，包括如何连接表以及什么顺序连接表等。
- 表的加载顺序
-
sql的查询类型 - 可能用到哪些索引，哪些索引又被实际使用
- 表与表之间的引用关系
- 一个表中有多少行被优化器查询 .....
Explain有哪些信息
Explain 执行计划包含字段信息如下：分别是 id、select_type、table、partitions、type、possible_keys、key、key_len、ref、rows、filtered、Extra 12个字段。下边我们会结合具体的
SQL示例，详细的解读每个字段以及每个字段中不同参数的含义，以下所有示例数据库版本为 MySQL.5.7.17。
mysql> select version() from dual;
+------------+
| version() |
+------------+
| 5.7.17-log |
+------------+
我们创建三张表 one、two、three，表之间的关系 one.two_id = two.two_id AND two.three_id = three.three_id。
Explain执行计划详解
一、id
id： ：表示查询中执行select子句或者操作表的顺序，id的值越大，代表优先级越高，越先执行。 id大致会出现 3种情况：
1、id相同
看到三条记录的id都相同，可以理解成这三个表为一组，具有同样的优先级，执行顺序由上而下，具体顺序由优化器决定。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM one o,two t, three r WHERE o.two_id = t.two_id AND t.three_id = r.three_id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
| 1 | SIMPLE | r | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.t.three_id | 1 | 100 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
2、id不同
如果我们的 SQL 中存在子查询，那么 id的序号会递增，id值越大优先级越高，越先被执行 。当三个表依次嵌套，发现最里层的子查询 id最大，最先执行。
mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.two_id = (select t.two_id from two t where t.three_id = (select r.three_id from three r where r.three_name=‘我是第三表2‘));
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
| 3 | SUBQUERY | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
3、以上两种同时存在
将上边的 SQL 稍微修改一下，增加一个子查询，发现 id的以上两种同时存在。相同id划分为一组，这样就有三个组，同组的从上往下顺序执行，不同组 id值越大，优先级越高，越先执行。
mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.two_id = (select t.two_id from two t where t.three_id = (select r.three_id from three r where r.three_name=‘我是第三表2‘)) AND o.one_id in(select one_id from one where o.one_name="我是第一表2");
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | o | NULL | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
| 1 | PRIMARY | one | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.o.one_id | 1 | 100 | Using index |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
| 3 | SUBQUERY | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
二、select_type
select_type：表示 select 查询的类型，主要是用于区分各种复杂的查询，例如：普通查询、联合查询、子查询等。
1、SIMPLE
SIMPLE：表示最简单的 select 查询语句，也就是在查询中不包含子查询或者 union交并差集等操作。
2、PRIMARY
PRIMARY：当查询语句中包含任何复杂的子部分，最外层查询则被标记为PRIMARY。
3、SUBQUERY
SUBQUERY：当 select 或 where 列表中包含了子查询，该子查询被标记为：SUBQUERY 。
4、DERIVED
DERIVED：表示包含在from子句中的子查询的select，在我们的 from 列表中包含的子查询会被标记为derived 。
5、UNION
UNION：如果union后边又出现的select 语句，则会被标记为union；若 union 包含在 from 子句的子查询中，外层 select 将被标记为 derived。
6、UNION RESULT
UNION RESULT：代表从union的临时表中读取数据，而table列的<union1,4>表示用第一个和第四个select的结果进行union操作。
mysql> EXPLAIN select t.two_name, ( select one.one_id from one) o from (select two_id,two_name from two where two_name =‘‘) t union (select r.three_name,r.three_id from three r);
+------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | two | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 50 | Using where |
| 2 | SUBQUERY | one | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | 100 | Using index |
| 4 | UNION | r | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,4> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary |
+------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
三、table
查询的表名，并不一定是真实存在的表，有别名显示别名，也可能为临时表，例如上边的DERIVED、 <union1,4>等。
四、partitions
查询时匹配到的分区信息，对于非分区表值为NULL，当查询的是分区表时，partitions显示分区表命中的分区情况。
+----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | p201801,p201802,p201803,p300012 | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 9 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+----------------+---------------------------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
五、type
type：查询使用了何种类型，它在 SQL优化中是一个非常重要的指标，以下性能从好到坏依次是：system > const > eq_ref > ref > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
1、system
system： 当表仅有一行记录时(系统表)，数据量很少，往往不需要进行磁盘IO，速度非常快。
2、const
const：表示查询时命中 primary key 主键或者 unique 唯一索引，或者被连接的部分是一个常量(const)值。这类扫描效率极高，返回数据量少，速度非常快。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where three_id=1;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
3、eq_ref
eq_ref：查询时命中主键primary key 或者 unique key索引， type 就是 eq_ref。
mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_name from one o ,two t where o.one_id = t.two_id ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 768 | NULL | 2 | 100 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | xin-slave.o.one_id | 1 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+----------+---------+--------------------+------+----------+-------------+
4、ref
ref：区别于eq_ref ，ref表示使用非唯一性索引，会找到很多个符合条件的行。
mysql> select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name = "xin" ;
+--------+
| one_id |
+--------+
| 1 |
| 3 |
+--------+```
```sql
mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name = "xin" ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | const | 1 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
5、ref_or_null
ref_or_null：这种连接类型类似于 ref，区别在于 MySQL会额外搜索包含NULL值的行。
mysql> EXPLAIN select o.one_id from one o where o.one_name = "xin" OR o.one_name IS NULL;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | const | 3 | 100 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
6、index_merge
index_merge：使用了索引合并优化方法，查询使用了两个以上的索引。
下边示例中同时使用到主键one_id 和 字段one_name的idx_name 索引 。
mysql> EXPLAIN select * from one o where o.one_id >1 and o.one_name =‘xin‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_name | idx_name,PRIMARY | 772,4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using intersect(idx_name,PRIMARY); Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------------+
7、unique_subquery
unique_subquery：替换下面的 IN子查询，子查询返回不重复的集合。
value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)
8、index_subquery
index_subquery：区别于unique_subquery，用于非唯一索引，可以返回重复值。
value IN (SELECT key_column FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)
9、range
range：使用索引选择行，仅检索给定范围内的行。简单点说就是针对一个有索引的字段，给定范围检索数据。在where语句中使用 bettween...and、<、>、<=、in 等条件查询 type 都是 range。
举个栗子：three表中three_id为唯一主键，user_id普通字段未建索引。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where three_id BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
从结果中看到只有对设置了索引的字段，做范围检索 type 才是 range。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three where user_id BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
10、index
index：Index 与ALL 其实都是读全表，区别在于index是遍历索引树读取，而ALL是从硬盘中读取。
下边示例：three_id 为主键，不带 where 条件全表查询 ，type结果为index 。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT three_id from three ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
11、ALL
ALL：将遍历全表以找到匹配的行，性能最差。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from two ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | two | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
六、possible_keys
possible_keys：表示在MySQL中通过哪些索引，能让我们在表中找到想要的记录，一旦查询涉及到的某个字段上存在索引，则索引将被列出，但这个索引并不定一会是最终查询数据时所被用到的索引。具体请参考上边的例子。
七、key
key：区别于possible_keys，key是查询中实际使用到的索引，若没有使用索引，显示为NULL。具体请参考上边的例子。
当
type为index_merge时，可能会显示多个索引。
八、key_len
key_len：表示查询用到的索引长度（字节数），原则上长度越短越好 。
- 单列索引，那么需要将整个索引长度算进去；
- 多列索引，不是所有列都能用到，需要计算查询中实际用到的列。
注意：
key_len只计算where条件中用到的索引长度，而排序和分组即便是用到了索引，也不会计算到key_len中。
九、ref
ref：常见的有：const，func，null，字段名。
- 当使用常量等值查询，显示
const， - 当关联查询时，会显示相应关联表的
关联字段 - 如果查询条件使用了
表达式、函数，或者条件列发生内部隐式转换，可能显示为func - 其他情况
null
十、rows
rows：以表的统计信息和索引使用情况，估算要找到我们所需的记录，需要读取的行数。
这是评估SQL 性能的一个比较重要的数据，mysql需要扫描的行数，很直观的显示 SQL 性能的好坏，一般情况下 rows 值越小越好。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from three;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | three | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
十一、filtered
filtered 这个是一个百分比的值，表里符合条件的记录数的百分比。简单点说，这个字段表示存储引擎返回的数据在经过过滤后，剩下满足条件的记录数量的比例。
在MySQL.5.7版本以前想要显示filtered需要使用explain extended命令。MySQL.5.7后，默认explain直接显示partitions和filtered的信息。
十二、Extra
Extra ：不适合在其他列中显示的信息，Explain 中的很多额外的信息会在 Extra 字段显示。
1、Using index
Using index：我们在相应的 select 操作中使用了覆盖索引，通俗一点讲就是查询的列被索引覆盖，使用到覆盖索引查询速度会非常快，SQl优化中理想的状态。
什么又是覆盖索引?
一条 SQL只需要通过索引就可以返回，我们所需要查询的数据（一个或几个字段），而不必通过二级索引，查到主键之后再通过主键查询整行数据（select * ）。
one_id表为主键
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_id from one ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | index | NULL | idx_two_id | 5 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
注意：想要使用到覆盖索引，我们在 select 时只取出需要的字段，不可select *，而且该字段建了索引。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * from one ;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------+
2、Using where
Using where：查询时未找到可用的索引，进而通过where条件过滤获取所需数据，但要注意的是并不是所有带where语句的查询都会显示Using where。
下边示例create_time 并未用到索引，type 为 ALL，即MySQL通过全表扫描后再按where条件筛选数据。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one where create_time =‘2020-05-18‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
3、Using temporary
Using temporary：表示查询后结果需要使用临时表来存储，一般在排序或者分组查询时用到。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one where one_id in (1,2) group by one_name;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | range| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
4、Using filesort
Using filesort：表示无法利用索引完成的排序操作，也就是ORDER BY的字段没有索引，通常这样的SQL都是需要优化的。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_id from one ORDER BY create_time;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
如果ORDER BY字段有索引就会用到覆盖索引，相比执行速度快很多。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_id from one ORDER BY one_id;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | one | NULL | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
5、Using join buffer
Using join buffer：在我们联表查询的时候，如果表的连接条件没有用到索引，需要有一个连接缓冲区来存储中间结果。
先看一下有索引的情况：连接条件 one_name 、two_name 都用到索引。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one o,two t where o.one_name = t.two_name;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | index | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | NULL | 3 | 100 | Using where; Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 768 | xin-slave.o.one_name | 1 | 100 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+----------------------+------+----------+--------------------------+
接下来删掉 连接条件 one_name 、two_name 的字段索引。发现Extra 列变成 Using join buffer，type均为全表扫描，这也是SQL优化中需要注意的地方。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one o,two t where o.one_name = t.two_name;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | t | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | 100 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 33.33 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
6、Impossible where
Impossible where：表示在我们用不太正确的where语句，导致没有符合条件的行。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT one_name from one WHERE 1=2;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Impossible WHERE |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------+
7、No tables used
No tables used：我们的查询语句中没有FROM子句，或者有 FROM DUAL子句。
mysql> EXPLAIN select now();
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+
Extra列的信息非常非常多，这里就不再一一列举了，详见 MySQL官方文档 ：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html#jointype_index_merge
总结
上边只是简单介绍了下 Explain 执行计划各个列的含义，了解它不仅仅是要应付面试，在实际开发中也经常会用到。比如对慢SQL进行分析，如果连执行计划结果都不会看，那还谈什么SQL优化呢？