C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

0.目录

1.抽象类和接口

2.被遗弃的多重继承

3.小结

1.抽象类和接口

1.1 抽象类

面向对象中的抽象类:

  • 可用于表示现实世界中的抽象概念
  • 是一种只能定义类型,而不能产生对象的类
  • 只能被继承并重写相关函数
  • 直接特征是相关函数没有完整的实现

Shape是现实世界中各种图形的抽象概念,因此:

  • 程序中必须能够反映抽象的图形
  • 程序中通过抽象类表示图形的概念
  • 抽象类不能创建对象,只能用于继承

1.2 纯虚函数

抽象类与纯虚函数:

  • C++语言中没有抽象类的概念
  • C++中通过纯虚函数实现抽象类
  • 纯虚函数是指只定义原型的成员函数
  • 一个C++类中存在纯虚函数就成为了抽象类

纯虚函数的语法规则:

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

示例——抽象类:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Shape
{
public:
virtual double area() = 0;
}; class Rect : public Shape
{
int ma;
int mb;
public:
Rect(int a, int b)
{
ma = a;
mb = b;
}
double area()
{
return ma * mb;
}
}; class Circle : public Shape
{
int mr;
public:
Circle(int r) { mr = r; }
double area()
{
return 3.14 * mr * mr;
}
}; void area(Shape* p)
{
double r = p->area(); cout << "r = " << r << endl;
} int main()
{
Rect rect(1, 2);
Circle circle(10); area(&rect);
area(&circle); return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
r = 2
r = 314
  • 抽象类只能用作父类被继承
  • 子类必须实现纯虚函数的具体功能
  • 纯虚函数被实现后成为虚函数
  • 如果子类没有实现纯虚函数,则子类成为抽象类

1.3 接口

满足下面条件的C++类则称为接口:

  • 类中没有定义任何的成员变量
  • 所有的成员函数都是公有的
  • 所有的成员函数都是纯虚函数
  • 接口是一种特殊的抽象类

示例——接口:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Channel
{
public:
virtual bool open() = 0;
virtual void close() = 0;
virtual bool send(char* buf, int len) = 0;
virtual int receive(char* buf, int len) = 0;
}; int main()
{
return 0;
}

C++中没有真正的接口,但是C++的后续语言Java、C#直接支持接口的概念!

2.被遗弃的多重继承

2.1 C++中的多重继承

C++支持编写多重继承的代码:

  • 一个子类可以拥有多个父类
  • 子类拥有所有父类的成员变量
  • 子类继承所有父类的成员函数
  • 子类对象可以当作任意父类对象使用

多重继承的语法规则:

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

2.2 多重继承的问题一

示例——多重继承的问题一:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
int ma;
public:
BaseA(int a) { ma = a; }
int getA() { return ma; }
}; class BaseB
{
int mb;
public:
BaseB(int b) { mb = b; }
int getB() { return mb; }
}; class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
int mc;
public:
Derived(int a, int b, int c) : BaseA(a), BaseB(b)
{
mc = c;
}
int getC() { return mc; }
void print()
{
cout << "ma = " << getA() << ", "
<< "mb = " << getB() << ", "
<< "mc = " << mc << endl;
}
}; int main()
{
cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl; // 12 Derived d(1, 2, 3); d.print(); cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;
cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;
cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl; cout << endl; BaseA* pa = &d;
BaseB* pb = &d; cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;
cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl; cout << endl; void* paa = pa;
void* pbb = pb; if( paa == pbb )
{
cout << "Pointer to the same object!" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Error" << endl;
} cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
cout << "paa = " << paa << endl;
cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl; return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
sizeof(Derived) = 12
ma = 1, mb = 2, mc = 3
d.getA() = 1
d.getB() = 2
d.getC() = 3 pa->getA() = 1
pb->getB() = 2 Error
pa = 0x7ffc9f641dc0
pb = 0x7ffc9f641dc4
paa = 0x7ffc9f641dc0
pbb = 0x7ffc9f641dc4

通过多重继承得到的对象可能拥有“不同的地址”!!

解决方案:无

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

(其实pa和pb还是指向了同一个对象,但是指向的是同一个对象的不同位置,打个比方就是pa指向了这个对象的脑袋,pb指向了这个对象的胸口。。。)

2.3 多重继承的问题二

多重继承可能产生冗余的成员:

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

示例——多重继承的问题二:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class People
{
string m_name;
int m_age;
public:
People(string name, int age)
{
m_name = name;
m_age = age;
}
void print()
{
cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
<< "Age = " << m_age << endl;
}
}; class Teacher : public People
{
public:
Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age) { }
}; class Student : public People
{
public:
Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age) { }
}; class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name + "1", age + 10), Student(name + "2", age + 1) { }
}; int main()
{
Doctor d("Bob", 33); //d.print();
d.Teacher::print();
d.Student::print(); return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
Name = Bob1, Age = 43
Name = Bob2, Age = 34

当多重继承关系出现闭合时将产生数据冗余的问题!!!!

解决方案:虚继承

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

  • 虚继承能够解决数据冗余问题
  • 中间层父类不再关心顶层父类的初始化
  • 最终子类必须直接调用顶层父类的构造函数

示例——使用虚继承解决数据冗余:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class People
{
string m_name;
int m_age;
public:
People(string name, int age)
{
m_name = name;
m_age = age;
}
void print()
{
cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
<< "Age = " << m_age << endl;
}
}; class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age) { }
}; class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age) { }
}; class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name+"1", age), Student(name+"2", age), People(name+"3", age) { }
}; int main()
{
Doctor d("Delphi", 33); d.print();
d.Teacher::print();
d.Student::print(); return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
Name = Delphi3, Age = 33
Name = Delphi3, Age = 33
Name = Delphi3, Age = 33

问题:

当架构设计中需要继承时,无法确定使用直接继承还是虚继承!!

2.4 多重继承的问题三

多重继承可能产生多个虚函数表

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

示例——多重继承的问题三:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
public:
virtual void funcA()
{
cout << "BaseA::funcA()" << endl;
}
}; class BaseB
{
public:
virtual void funcB()
{
cout << "BaseB::funcB()" << endl;
}
}; class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
}; int main()
{
Derived d;
BaseA* pa = &d;
BaseB* pb = &d;
BaseB* pbb = (BaseB*)pa; cout << "sizeof(d) = " << sizeof(d) << endl; cout << "Using pa to call funcA()..." << endl;
pa->funcA(); cout << "Using pb to call funcB()..." << endl;
pb->funcB(); cout << "Using pbb to call funcB()..." << endl;
pbb->funcB(); cout << endl; cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl; return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
sizeof(d) = 16
Using pa to call funcA()...
BaseA::funcA()
Using pb to call funcB()...
BaseB::funcB()
Using pbb to call funcB()...
BaseA::funcA() pa = 0x7fffd5157c20
pb = 0x7fffd5157c28
pbb = 0x7fffd5157c20

需要进行强制类型转换时,C++中推荐使用新式类型转换关键字!!

解决方案:dynamic_cast

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

示例——使用新式类型转换dynamic_cast关键字:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
public:
virtual void funcA()
{
cout << "BaseA::funcA()" << endl;
}
}; class BaseB
{
public:
virtual void funcB()
{
cout << "BaseB::funcB()" << endl;
}
}; class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
}; int main()
{
Derived d;
BaseA* pa = &d;
BaseB* pb = &d;
BaseB* pbb = (BaseB*)pa; // oops!!
BaseB* pbc = dynamic_cast<BaseB*>(pa); cout << "sizeof(d) = " << sizeof(d) << endl; cout << "Using pa to call funcA()..." << endl;
pa->funcA(); cout << "Using pb to call funcB()..." << endl;
pb->funcB(); cout << "Using pbb to call funcB()..." << endl;
pbb->funcB(); cout << "Using pbc to call funcB()..." << endl;
pbc->funcB(); cout << endl; cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl;
cout << "pbc = " << pbc << endl; return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
sizeof(d) = 16
Using pa to call funcA()...
BaseA::funcA()
Using pb to call funcB()...
BaseB::funcB()
Using pbb to call funcB()...
BaseA::funcA()
Using pbc to call funcB()...
BaseB::funcB() pa = 0x7ffcc2c27ff0
pb = 0x7ffcc2c27ff8
pbb = 0x7ffcc2c27ff0
pbc = 0x7ffcc2c27ff8

2.5 正确的使用多重继承

工程开发中的“多重继承”方式:

  • 单继承某个类 + 实现(多个)接口

C++解析(24):抽象类和接口、多重继承

示例——正确的多继承方式:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
protected:
int mi;
public:
Base(int i) { mi = i; }
int getI() { return mi; }
bool equal(Base* obj)
{
return (this == obj);
}
}; class Interface1
{
public:
virtual void add(int i) = 0;
virtual void minus(int i) = 0;
}; class Interface2
{
public:
virtual void multiply(int i) = 0;
virtual void divide(int i) = 0;
}; class Derived : public Base, public Interface1, public Interface2
{
public:
Derived(int i) : Base(i) { }
void add(int i) { mi += i; }
void minus(int i) { mi -= i; }
void multiply(int i) { mi *= i; }
void divide(int i)
{
if( i != 0 ) { mi /= i; }
}
}; int main()
{
Derived d(100);
Derived* p = &d;
Interface1* pInt1 = &d;
Interface2* pInt2 = &d; cout << "p->getI() = " << p->getI() << endl; // 100 pInt1->add(10);
pInt2->divide(11);
pInt1->minus(5);
pInt2->multiply(8); cout << "p->getI() = " << p->getI() << endl; // 40 cout << endl; cout << "pInt1 == p : " << p->equal(dynamic_cast<Base*>(pInt1)) << endl;
cout << "pInt2 == p : " << p->equal(dynamic_cast<Base*>(pInt2)) << endl; return 0;
}

运行结果为:

[root@bogon Desktop]# g++ test.cpp
[root@bogon Desktop]# ./a.out
p->getI() = 100
p->getI() = 40 pInt1 == p : 1
pInt2 == p : 1

一些有用的工程建议:

  • 先继承自一个父类,然后实现多个接口
  • 父类中提供equal()成员函数
  • equal()成员函数用于判断指针是否指向当前对象
  • 与多重继承相关的强制类型转换用dynamic_cast完成

3.小结

  • 抽象类用于描述现实世界中的抽象概念
  • 抽象类只能被继承不能创建对象
  • C++中没有抽象类的概念
  • C++中通过纯虚函数实现抽象类
  • 类中只存在纯虚函数的时成为接口
  • 接口是一种特殊的抽象类
  • C++支持多重继承的编程方式
  • 多重继承容易带来问题
    1. 可能出现“同一个对象的地址不同”的情况
    2. 虚继承可以解决数据冗余的问题
    3. 虚继承的使得架构设计可能出现问题
  • 多继承中可能出现多个虚函数表指针
  • 与多重继承相关的强制类型转换用dynamic_cast完成
  • 工程开发中采用“单继承多接口”的方式使用多继承
  • 父类提供成员函数用于判断指针是否指向当前对象
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