一、理解SignalR
ASP .NET SignalR 是一个ASP .NET 下的类库,可以在ASP .NET 的Web项目中实现实时通信(即:客户端(Web页面)和服务器端可以互相实时的通知消息及调用方法),SignalR有三种传输模式:LongLooping(长轮询)、WebSocket(HTML5的WEB套接字)、Forever Frame(隐藏框架的长请求连接),可以在WEB客户端显式指定一种或几种,也可以采取默认(推荐),若采取默认,SignalR会根据浏览器的环境自动选择合适的传输方式。
二、SignalR的三种实现方式
第一种:采用集线器类(Hub)+非自动生成代理模式:服务端与客户端分别定义的相对应的方法,客户端通过代理对象调用服务端的方法,服务端通过IHubConnectionContext回调客户端的方法,客户端通过回调方法接收结果。
之前我写过一篇文章《分享一个基于长连接+长轮询+原生的JS及AJAX实现的多人在线即时交流聊天室》,是通过长轮询+长连接的方式来实现的在线多人聊天室功能,从代码量来看就知道实现起来并不简单,而如今有了SignalR,会简单很多,我这里使用SignalR再来写一个简单的在线多人聊天室示例,以便大家快速掌握SignalR。
DEMO - 1 示例代码如下:
服务端:
//Startup类文件 using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Owin;
using Owin;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR; [assembly: OwinStartup(typeof(TestWebApp.Models.Startup))] namespace TestWebApp.Models
{
public class Startup
{
public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app)
{
app.MapSignalR();
}
}
} //ChatHub类文件 using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web; namespace TestWebApp.Models
{
[HubName("chat")]
public class ChatHub : Hub
{
public static ConcurrentDictionary<string, string> OnLineUsers = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, string>(); [HubMethodName("send")]
public void Send(string message)
{
string clientName = OnLineUsers[Context.ConnectionId];
message = HttpUtility.HtmlEncode(message).Replace("\r\n", "<br/>").Replace("\n", "<br/>");
Clients.All.receiveMessage(DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"), clientName, message);
} [HubMethodName("sendOne")]
public void Send(string toUserId, string message)
{
string clientName = OnLineUsers[Context.ConnectionId];
message = HttpUtility.HtmlEncode(message).Replace("\r\n", "<br/>").Replace("\n", "<br/>");
Clients.Caller.receiveMessage(DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"), string.Format("您对 {1}", clientName, OnLineUsers[toUserId]), message);
Clients.Client(toUserId).receiveMessage(DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"), string.Format("{0} 对您", clientName), message);
} public override System.Threading.Tasks.Task OnConnected()
{
string clientName = Context.QueryString["clientName"].ToString();
OnLineUsers.AddOrUpdate(Context.ConnectionId, clientName, (key, value) => clientName);
Clients.All.userChange(DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"), string.Format("{0} 加入了。", clientName), OnLineUsers.ToArray());
return base.OnConnected();
} public override System.Threading.Tasks.Task OnDisconnected(bool stopCalled)
{
string clientName = Context.QueryString["clientName"].ToString();
Clients.All.userChange(DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"), string.Format("{0} 离开了。", clientName), OnLineUsers.ToArray());
OnLineUsers.TryRemove(Context.ConnectionId, out clientName);
return base.OnDisconnected(stopCalled);
} }
}
public ActionResult Index()
{
ViewBag.ClientName = "聊客-" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
var onLineUserList = ChatHub.OnLineUsers.Select(u => new SelectListItem() { Text = u.Value, Value = u.Key }).ToList();
onLineUserList.Insert(0, new SelectListItem() { Text = "-所有人-", Value = "" });
ViewBag.OnLineUsers = onLineUserList;
return View();
}
WEB客户端:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>聊天室</title>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.6.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.2.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<style type="text/css">
#chatbox {
width: 100%;
height: 500px;
border: 2px solid blue;
padding: 5px;
margin: 5px 0px;
overflow-x: hidden;
overflow-y: auto;
} .linfo {
} .rinfo {
text-align: right;
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () { var clientName = $("#clientname").val();
var eChatBox = $("#chatbox");
var eUsers = $("#users"); var conn = $.hubConnection();
conn.qs = { "clientName": clientName }; conn.start().done(function () { $("#btnSend").click(function () {
var toUserId = eUsers.val();
if (toUserId != "") {
chat.invoke("sendOne", toUserId, $("#message").val())
.done(function () {
//alert("发送成功!");
$("#message").val("").focus();
})
.fail(function (e) {
alert(e);
$("#message").focus();
});
}
else {
chat.invoke("send", $("#message").val())
.done(function () {
//alert("发送成功!");
$("#message").val("").focus();
})
.fail(function (e) {
alert(e);
$("#message").focus();
});
}
}); }); var chat = conn.createHubProxy("chat"); chat.on("receiveMessage", function (dt, cn, msg) {
var clsName = "linfo";
if (cn == clientName || cn.indexOf("您对") >= 0) clsName = "rinfo";
eChatBox.append("<p class='" + clsName + "'>" + dt + " <strong>" + cn + "</strong> 说:<br/>" + msg + "</p>");
eChatBox.scrollTop(eChatBox[0].scrollHeight);
}); chat.on("userChange", function (dt, msg, users) {
eChatBox.append("<p>" + dt + " " + msg + "</p>");
eUsers.find("option[value!='']").remove();
for (var i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
if (users[i].Value == clientName) continue;
eUsers.append("<option value='" + users[i].Key + "'>" + users[i].Value + "</option>")
}
}); });
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3>大众聊天室</h3>
<div id="chatbox">
</div>
<div>
<span>聊天名称:</span>
@Html.TextBox("clientname", ViewBag.ClientName as string, new { @readonly = "readonly", style = "width:300px;" })
<span>聊天对象:</span>
@Html.DropDownList("users", ViewBag.OnLineUsers as IEnumerable<SelectListItem>)
</div>
<div>
@Html.TextArea("message", new { rows = 5, style = "width:500px;" })
<input type="button" value="发送消息" id="btnSend" />
</div>
</body>
</html>
服务端与客户端代码都比较简单,网上相关的说明也有,这里就不再解说了,只说一下这种方式JS端调用服务端方法采用:chat.invoke,而被服务端回调的方法则采用:chat.on (这里的chat是createHubProxy创建得来的)
第二种:采用集线器类(Hub)+自动生成代理模式
DEMO - 2 示例代码如下:
服务端与DEMO 1相同,无需改变
客户端:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>聊天室</title>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.6.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.2.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="~/signalr/hubs" type="text/javascript"></script>
<style type="text/css">
#chatbox {
width: 100%;
height: 500px;
border: 2px solid blue;
padding: 5px;
margin: 5px 0px;
overflow-x: hidden;
overflow-y: auto;
} .linfo {
} .rinfo {
text-align: right;
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () { var clientName = $("#clientname").val();
var eChatBox = $("#chatbox");
var eUsers = $("#users"); var chat = $.connection.chat;
$.connection.hub.qs = { "clientName": clientName };
chat.state.test = "test"; chat.client.receiveMessage = function (dt, cn, msg) {
var clsName = "linfo";
if (cn == clientName || cn.indexOf("您对")>=0) clsName = "rinfo";
eChatBox.append("<p class='" + clsName + "'>" + dt + " <strong>" + cn + "</strong> 说:<br/>" + msg + "</p>");
eChatBox.scrollTop(eChatBox[0].scrollHeight);
} chat.client.userChange = function (dt, msg, users) {
eChatBox.append("<p>" + dt + " " + msg + "</p>");
eUsers.find("option[value!='']").remove();
for (var i = 0; i < users.length; i++) {
if (users[i].Value == clientName) continue;
eUsers.append("<option value='" + users[i].Key + "'>" + users[i].Value + "</option>")
}
} $.connection.hub.start().done(function () { $("#btnSend").click(function () {
var toUserId = eUsers.val();
if (toUserId != "") {
chat.server.sendOne(toUserId, $("#message").val())
.done(function () {
//alert("发送成功!");
$("#message").val("").focus();
})
.fail(function (e) {
alert(e);
$("#message").focus();
});
}
else {
chat.server.send($("#message").val())
.done(function () {
//alert("发送成功!");
$("#message").val("").focus();
})
.fail(function (e) {
alert(e);
$("#message").focus();
});
}
}); }); });
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3>大众聊天室</h3>
<div id="chatbox">
</div>
<div>
<span>聊天名称:</span>
@Html.TextBox("clientname", ViewBag.ClientName as string, new { @readonly = "readonly", style = "width:300px;" })
<span>聊天对象:</span>
@Html.DropDownList("users", ViewBag.OnLineUsers as IEnumerable<SelectListItem>)
</div>
<div>
@Html.TextArea("message", new { rows = 5, style = "width:500px;" })
<input type="button" value="发送消息" id="btnSend" />
</div>
</body>
</html>
上述代码中特别需要注意的是,需要引用一个“不存在的JS目录”:<script src="~/signalr/hubs" type="text/javascript"></script>,为什么要打引号,是因为我们在写代码的时候是不存在的,而当运行后就会自动生成signalr的代理脚本,这就是与非自动生成代理脚本最根本的区别,也正是因为这个自动生成的脚本,我们可以在JS中更加方便的调用服务端方法及定义回调方法,调用服务端方法采用:chat.server.XXX,而被服务端回调的客户端方法则采用:chat.client.XXX
看一下上述两种的运行效果截图吧:
第三种:采用持久化连接类(PersistentConnection)
DEMO - 3 示例代码如下:
服务端:
//Startup类: using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Owin;
using Owin;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR; [assembly: OwinStartup(typeof(TestWebApp.Models.Startup))] namespace TestWebApp.Models
{
public class Startup
{
public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app)
{
app.MapSignalR<MyConnection>("/MyConnection");
}
}
} //MyConnection类:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR; namespace TestWebApp.Models
{
public class MyConnection : PersistentConnection
{
private static List<string> monitoringIdList = new List<string>();
protected override Task OnConnected(IRequest request, string connectionId)
{
bool IsMonitoring = (request.QueryString["Monitoring"] ?? "").ToString() == "Y";
if (IsMonitoring)
{
if (!monitoringIdList.Contains(connectionId))
{
monitoringIdList.Add(connectionId);
}
return Connection.Send(connectionId, "ready");
}
else
{
if (monitoringIdList.Count > 0)
{
return Connection.Send(monitoringIdList, "in_" + connectionId);
}
else
{
return Connection.Send(connectionId, "nobody");
}
}
} protected override Task OnReceived(IRequest request, string connectionId, string data)
{
if (monitoringIdList.Contains(connectionId))
{
return Connection.Send(data, "pass");
}
return null;
} protected override Task OnDisconnected(IRequest request, string connectionId, bool stopCalled)
{
if (!monitoringIdList.Contains(connectionId))
{
return Connection.Send(monitoringIdList, "out_" + connectionId);
}
return null;
}
}
}
WEB客户端:
<!-- MonitoringPage.cshtml 监控管理页面--> <!DOCTYPE html> <html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>MonitoringPage</title>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.6.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.2.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<style type="text/css">
table {
border:1px solid #808080;
width:600px;
}
td {
border:1px solid #808080;
padding:3px;
}
.odd{ background-color: #bbf;}
.even{ background-color:#ffc; }
.non-temptr {
display:none;
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
$("#userstable tbody tr:odd").addClass("odd");
$("#userstable tbody tr:even").addClass("even"); var conn = $.connection("/MyConnection", {"Monitoring":"Y"}); conn.start().done(function () {
$("#userstable").delegate("button.pass", "click", function () {
var rid = $(this).parent("td").prev().attr("data-rid");
conn.send(rid);
var tr = $(this).parents("tr");
tr.remove();
}); }).fail(function (msg) {
alert(msg);
}); conn.received(function (msg) {
if (msg == "ready")
{
$("#spstatus").html("监控服务已就绪");
return;
}
else if (msg.indexOf("in_") == 0) {
var tr = $(".non-temptr").clone(true);
tr.removeClass("non-temptr");
var td = tr.children().first();
var rid = msg.toString().substr("in_".length);
td.html(rid + "进入被监控页面,是否允许?");
td.attr("data-rid", rid);
$("#userstable tbody").append(tr);
}
else
{
var rid = msg.toString().substr("out_".length);
$("td[data-rid=" + rid + "]").parent("tr").remove();
}
}); });
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
以下是实时监控到进入EnterPage页面的用户情况:(服务状况:<strong><span id="spstatus"></span></strong>)
</div>
<table id="userstable">
<tr>
<td>用户进入消息</td>
<td>授 权</td>
</tr>
<tr class="non-temptr">
<td></td>
<td style="width:100px"><button class="pass">允许</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html> <!-- EnterPage.cshtml 监控受限页面-->
<!DOCTYPE html> <html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>EnterPage</title>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.6.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="~/Scripts/jquery.signalR-2.2.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
var conn = $.connection("/MyConnection"); conn.start().fail(function (msg) {
alert(msg);
}); conn.received(function (data) {
if (data == "pass") {
$("#msg").html("管理员已审核通过,可以进入浏览详情。");
setTimeout(function () {
self.location = "http://www.zuowenjun.cn";
}, 3000);
}
else
{
$("#msg").html("无管理员在线,请稍候再重新进入该页面。");
}
});
});
</script>
<div id="msg">
该页面浏览受限,已自动将您的浏览请求发给管理员,请稍候。。。
</div>
</body>
</html>
上述代码可以看出与采用Hub(集线器类)的不同之处,一是:Startup.Configuration中是需要指定app.MapSignalR<MyConnection>("/MyConnection"),二是需实现继承自PersistentConnection类的自定义的持久化连接类,在这个连接中可以重写:OnConnected、OnDisconnected、OnReceived、OnReconnected、ProcessRequest方法,同时有几个重要的属性成员Connection、Groups,服务端发消息给客户端采用:Connection.Broadcast(广播,所有客户端都可以收到消息),Connection.Send(发送给指定的客户端)
运行效果如下截图示:
SignalR支持额外附加:QueryString、Cookie、State,具体的客户端设置与服务端接收请见上面的代码,同时也可以参见如下其它博主总结的表格(SignalR的Javascript客户端API使用方式整理):