剑指Offer——二叉树
前言
数据结构通常是编程面试中考察的重点。在参加面试之前，应聘者需要熟练掌握链表、树、栈、队列和哈希表等数据结构，以及它们的操作。本片博文主要讲解二叉树操作的相关知识，主要包括二叉树的建立、遍历方法的循环和递归写法。
二叉树是树形结构的一个重要类型。许多实际问题抽象出来的数据结构往往是二叉树的形式，即使是一般的树也能简单地转换为二叉树，而且二叉树的存储结构及其算法都较为简单，因此二叉树显得特别重要。
二叉树的java实现
首先创建一棵二叉树如下图，然后对这颗二叉树进行遍历操作（遍历操作的实现分为递归实现和非递归实现），同时还提供一些方法如获取双亲结点、获取左孩子、右孩子等。
package cn.edu.ujn.nk;
import java.util.Stack;
/**
* 二叉树的链式存储
* @author WWX
*/
public class BinaryTree {
private TreeNode root=null;
public BinaryTree(){
root=new TreeNode(1,"rootNode(A)");
}
/**
* 创建一棵二叉树
* <pre>
* A
* B C
* D E F
* </pre>
* @param root
* @author WWX
*/
public void createBinTree(TreeNode root){
TreeNode newNodeB = new TreeNode(2,"B");
TreeNode newNodeC = new TreeNode(3,"C");
TreeNode newNodeD = new TreeNode(4,"D");
TreeNode newNodeE = new TreeNode(5,"E");
TreeNode newNodeF = new TreeNode(6,"F");
root.leftChild=newNodeB;
root.rightChild=newNodeC;
root.leftChild.leftChild=newNodeD;
root.leftChild.rightChild=newNodeE;
root.rightChild.rightChild=newNodeF;
}
public boolean isEmpty(){
return root==null;
}
//树的高度
public int height(){
return height(root);
}
//节点个数
public int size(){
return size(root);
}
private int height(TreeNode subTree){
if(subTree == null)
return 0; // 递归结束：空树高度为0
else{
int i = height(subTree.leftChild);
int j = height(subTree.rightChild);
return (i < j) ? (j + 1) : (i + 1);
}
}
private int size(TreeNode subTree){
if(subTree == null){
return 0;
}else{
return 1 + size(subTree.leftChild) + size(subTree.rightChild);
}
}
//返回双亲结点
public TreeNode parent(TreeNode element){
return (root == null|| root == element) ? null : parent(root, element);
}
public TreeNode parent(TreeNode subTree,TreeNode element){
if(subTree == null)
return null;
if(subTree.leftChild == element || subTree.rightChild == element)
//返回父结点地址
return subTree;
TreeNode p;
// 先在左子树中找，如果左子树中没有找到，才到右子树去找
if((p = parent(subTree.leftChild, element)) != null)
//递归在左子树中搜索
return p;
else
//递归在右子树中搜索
return parent(subTree.rightChild, element);
}
public TreeNode getLeftChildNode(TreeNode element){
return (element != null) ? element.leftChild : null;
}
public TreeNode getRightChildNode(TreeNode element){
return (element != null) ? element.rightChild : null;
}
public TreeNode getRoot(){
return root;
}
//在释放某个结点时，该结点的左右子树都已经释放，
//所以应该采用后续遍历，当访问某个结点时将该结点的存储空间释放
public void destroy(TreeNode subTree){
//删除根为subTree的子树
if(subTree!=null){
//删除左子树
destroy(subTree.leftChild);
//删除右子树
destroy(subTree.rightChild);
//删除根结点
subTree=null;
}
}
public void traverse(TreeNode subTree){
System.out.println("key:"+subTree.key+"--name:"+subTree.data);;
traverse(subTree.leftChild);
traverse(subTree.rightChild);
}
//前序遍历
public void preOrder(TreeNode subTree){
if(subTree!=null){
visted(subTree);
preOrder(subTree.leftChild);
preOrder(subTree.rightChild);
}
}
//中序遍历
public void inOrder(TreeNode subTree){
if(subTree!=null){
inOrder(subTree.leftChild);
visted(subTree);
inOrder(subTree.rightChild);
}
}
//后续遍历
public void postOrder(TreeNode subTree) {
if (subTree != null) {
postOrder(subTree.leftChild);
postOrder(subTree.rightChild);
visted(subTree);
}
}
//前序遍历的非递归实现
public void nonRecPreOrder(TreeNode p){
Stack<TreeNode> stack=new Stack<TreeNode>();
TreeNode node=p;
while(node!=null||stack.size()>0){
while(node!=null){
visted(node);
stack.push(node);
node=node.leftChild;
}
while(stack.size()>0){
node=stack.pop();
node=node.rightChild;
}
}
}
//中序遍历的非递归实现
public void nonRecInOrder(TreeNode p){
Stack<TreeNode> stack =new Stack<BinaryTree.TreeNode>();
TreeNode node =p;
while(node!=null||stack.size()>0){
//存在左子树
while(node!=null){
stack.push(node);
node=node.leftChild;
}
//栈非空
if(stack.size()>0){
node=stack.pop();
visted(node);
node=node.rightChild;
}
}
}
//后序遍历的非递归实现
public void noRecPostOrder(TreeNode p){
Stack<TreeNode> stack=new Stack<BinaryTree.TreeNode>();
TreeNode node =p;
while(p!=null){
//左子树入栈
for(;p.leftChild!=null;p=p.leftChild){
stack.push(p);
}
//当前结点无右子树或右子树已经输出
while(p!=null&&(p.rightChild==null||p.rightChild==node)){
visted(p);
//纪录上一个已输出结点
node =p;
if(stack.empty())
return;
p=stack.pop();
}
//处理右子树
stack.push(p);
p=p.rightChild;
}
}
public void visted(TreeNode subTree){
subTree.isVisted=true;
System.out.println("key:"+subTree.key+"--name:"+subTree.data);;
}
/**
* 二叉树的节点数据结构
* @author WWX
*/
private class TreeNode{
private int key = 0;
private String data = null;
private boolean isVisted = false;
private TreeNode leftChild = null;
private TreeNode rightChild = null;
public TreeNode(){}
/**
* @param key 层序编码
* @param data 数据域
*/
public TreeNode(int key,String data){
this.key = key;
this.data = data;
this.leftChild = null;
this.rightChild = null;
}
}
//测试
public static void main(String[] args) {
BinaryTree bt = new BinaryTree();
bt.createBinTree(bt.root);
System.out.println("the size of the tree is " + bt.size());
System.out.println("the height of the tree is " + bt.height());
System.out.println("***递归实现****(前序遍历)[ABDECF]遍历*****************");
bt.preOrder(bt.root);
System.out.println("***递归实现****(中序遍历)[DBEACF]遍历*****************");
bt.inOrder(bt.root);
System.out.println("***递归实现****(后序遍历)[DEBFCA]遍历*****************");
bt.postOrder(bt.root);
System.out.println("***非递归实现****(前序遍历)[ABDECF]遍历*****************");
bt.nonRecPreOrder(bt.root);
System.out.println("***非递归实现****(中序遍历)[DBEACF]遍历*****************");
bt.nonRecInOrder(bt.root);
System.out.println("***非递归实现****(后序遍历)[DEBFCA]遍历*****************");
bt.noRecPostOrder(bt.root);
}
}
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