复制(copy) 和 虚复制(virtual copy) 的 区别

本文地址: http://blog.csdn.net/caroline_wendy/article/details/16120397

在继承过程中, 需要区分复制(copy)和虚复制(virtual copy);

在派生类转换为基类时, 复制(copy)有可能切掉(sliced down)派生对象的派生部分, 只保留基类部分, 使派生类的虚函数无法使用;

为了避免此情况, 如果传入是对象, 则可以定义虚函数clone, 使派生类继承此虚函数, 再传入容器, 可以重载方法;

另外, 如果传入是实参, 使用shared_ptr<Base>配合make_shared<Derived>添加容器, 也可以进行动态绑定;

再传入容器中, 容器会自动调用派生类的重载方法, 实现动态绑定;

注意: 引用限定符(reference qualifier) GCC 4.8.1 才能支持;

代码:

/*

 * CppPrimer.cpp

 *

 *  Created on: 2013.11.12

 *      Author: Caroline

 */

/*eclipse cdt*/

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

#include <vector>

#include <set>

#include <utility>

#include <memory>

#include <cstddef>

using namespace std;

class Quote;

class Quote {

public:

	Quote() = default;

	Quote (const std::string& book, double sales_price) :

		bookNo (book), price (sales_price) {}

	void add_item (const Quote& sale);

	std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }

	virtual double net_price (std::size_t n) const { return n* price; } //虚函数

	virtual Quote* clone() const & {return new Quote(*this);}

	virtual Quote* clone() && {return new Quote(std::move(*this));}

	virtual ~Quote() = default; //动态绑定析构器

private:

	std::string bookNo;

protected: //受保护类型

	double price = 0.0;

};

class Disc_quote : public Quote { //抽象基类

public:

	Disc_quote() = default;

	Disc_quote (const std::string& book, double price, std::size_t qty, double disc) :

		Quote(book, price), quantity (qty), discount (disc) {}

	double net_price (std::size_t) const = 0; //纯虚函数

protected:

		std::size_t quantity = 0;

		double discount = 0.0;

};

class Bulk_quote final : public Disc_quote { //final限定词, 无法被继承

public:

	Bulk_quote() = default;

	Bulk_quote(const std::string& book, double p, std::size_t qty, double disc) :

		Disc_quote(book, p, qty, disc) {} //使用基类的构造器

	double net_price(std::size_t cnt) const override;

	virtual Bulk_quote* clone() const & {return new Bulk_quote(*this);}

	virtual Bulk_quote* clone() && {return new Bulk_quote(std::move(*this));}

};

double Bulk_quote::net_price(std::size_t cnt) const

{

	if (cnt >= quantity)

		return cnt * (1-discount) * price;

	else

		return cnt * price;

}

double print_total(std::ostream &os, const Quote& item, std::size_t n)

{

	double ret = item.net_price(n);

	os << "ISBN: " << item.isbn() << " # sold: " << n << " total due: " << ret << std::endl;

	return ret;

}

class Basket {

public:

	void add_item (const std::shared_ptr<Quote> &sale) { items.insert(sale); }

	void add_item (const Quote& sale)

	{

		//items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(new Quote(sale))); //不会动态绑定

		items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(sale.clone()));

	}

	void add_item (Quote&& sale)

	{

		//items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(new Quote(std::move(sale)))); //不会动态绑定

		items.insert(std::shared_ptr<Quote>(std::move(sale).clone()));

	}

	double total_reciept (std::ostream&) const;

private:

	static bool compare (const std::shared_ptr<Quote> &lhs,

			const std::shared_ptr<Quote> &rhs)

	{ return lhs->isbn() < rhs->isbn(); };

	std::multiset<std::shared_ptr<Quote>, decltype(compare)*> items{compare};

};

double Basket::total_reciept(std::ostream &os) const

{

	double sum = 0.0;

	for(auto iter = items.cbegin(); iter != items.cend();

			iter = items.upper_bound(*iter)) { //跳过同名书, 直接计算count

		sum += print_total(os, **iter, items.count(*iter)); //*it是shared_ptr; **it是object

	}

	os << "Total Sale: " << sum << std::endl;

	return sum;

}

int main (void) {

	Basket bsk;

	/*bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Quote>("CppPrimer", 45));

	bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Bulk_quote>("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));

	bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Bulk_quote>("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));

	bsk.add_item(std::make_shared<Bulk_quote>("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));*/

	bsk.add_item(Quote("CppPrimer", 45));

	bsk.add_item(Bulk_quote("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));

	bsk.add_item(Bulk_quote("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));

	bsk.add_item(Bulk_quote("EffectiveCpp", 50, 2, 0.15));

	bsk.total_reciept(std::cout);

	return 0;

}

输出:

ISBN: CppPrimer # sold: 1 total due: 45

ISBN: EffectiveCpp # sold: 3 total due: 127.5

Total Sale: 172.5