e_anchor提取方式是基于字符串下标进行提取的,其优点具有方便、快捷、效率高等特点。但是缺点也很明显灵活性不够强,通用性比较差,适用于前后缀标识比较明显,规律性比较强的字符串提取。
正则提取方式众所周知是通过正则表达式对字符串提取的,优点是灵活性、逻辑性和功能性非常强,基本上很多字符串提取问题都能使用此方式解决,并且可以迅速地用极简单的方式达到字符串的复杂控制。但是缺点也是不言而喻的,与e_anchor提取模式相比性能会差一些,并且对与刚接触的人来说,比较晦涩难懂。从而导致学习成本高、上手难度大、不适合新手快速解决自身遇到的问题等。
本文将通过具体实例,向大家讲述使用e_anchor和正则的适用场景
解析自定义日志文本
e_anchor函数适合解决一些单个,或者多个规律性比较强,有明显前缀标识的文本字符串,比如遇到以下类型日志:
# 日志1:
__source__: 1.1.16.15
__tag__:__client_ip__: 12.1.75.140
__tag__:__receive_time__: 1563443076
content: Aug 2 04:06:08: host=10.1.1.124: local/ssl2 notice mcpd[3772]: User=jsmith@demo.com: severity=warning: 01070638:5: Pool member 172.31.51.22:0 monitor status down.
# 日志2:
__source__: 1.1.16.15
__tag__:__client_ip__: 12.1.75.140
__tag__:__receive_time__: 1563443077
content: Feb 5 3:15:09: host=1.1.1.1: local/ssl2 error mcpd[1222]: User=twiss@aliyun.com: severity=error: 01070639:6: Pool member 192.168.1.1 monitor status invalid.
从日志结构上分析可以看出日志信息都包含以下字段名:其中host、mcpd、User、severity是原始日志固定字段。
LOG DSL编排
本部分将提供两种方案,解析上述日志文本。
方案一:e_anchor解析
# Aug 2 04:06:08: host=10.1.1.124: local/ssl2 notice mcpd[3772]: User=jsmith@demo.com: severity=warning: 01070638:5: Pool member 172.31.51.22:0 monitor status down.
e_anchor("content", "*: host=*: local/ssl2 * mcpd[*]: User=*: severity=*: * Pool member * monitor status *.", ["time", "host","level", "mcpd", "user_field","severity_field","*","pool_member", "monitor_status"])
预览处理日志:
# 日志1
content: Aug 2 04:06:08: host=10.1.1.124: local/ssl2 notice mcpd[3772]: User=jsmith@demo.com: severity=warning: 01070638:5: Pool member 172.31.51.22:0 monitor status down.
time: Aug 2 04:06:08
host: 10.1.1.124
level: notice
mcpd: 3772
user_field: jsmith@demo.com
severity_field: warning
pool_member: 172.31.51.22:0
monitor_status: down
# 日志2
content: Feb 5 3:15:09: host=1.1.1.1: local/ssl2 error mcpd[1222]: User=twiss@aliyun.com: severity=error: 01070639:6: Pool member 192.168.1.1 monitor status invalid.
time: Feb 5 3:15:09
host: 1.1.1.1
level: error
mcpd: 1222
user_field: twiss@aliyun.com
severity_field: error
pool_member: 192.168.1.1
monitor_status: invalid
方案二:e_regex正则解析
e_regex("content",r'(?P<time>(?:Jan(?:uary|uar)?|Feb(?:ruary|ruar)?|M(?:a|ä)?r(?:ch|z)?|Apr(?:il)?|Ma(?:y|i)?|Jun(?:e|i)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|O(?:c|k)?t(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|De(?:c|z)(?:ember)?) (?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9]) (?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9]):(?:[0-5][0-9]):(?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?)): host=(?P<host>(?<![0-9])(?:(?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]))(?![0-9])): local\/ssl2 [a-z]+ mcpd\[(?P<mcpd>[0-9]+)\]: User=(?P<user_field>[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_.+-=:]+@\b(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62})(?:\.(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62}))*(\.?|\b)): severity=(?P<severity_field>[a-z]+): (?P<temp_field>[0-9]+:[0-9]+:) Pool member (?P<pool_member>(?<![0-9])(?:(?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]))(?![0-9]):[0-9]+) [a-z]+ [a-z]+ (?P<monitor_status>[a-z]+).')
grok函数解析详见数据加工文档-grok函数,正则与grok函数对比,详见解析Nginx日志方案对比:
e_regex("content",grok('%{DATE_TIME:time}: host=%{IP:host}: local/ssl2 %{USERNAME:level} mcpd\[%{NUMBER:mcpd}\]: User=%{EMAILADDRESS:user_field}: severity=%{USERNAME:severity_field}: %{NUMBER}:%{NUMBER}: %{USERNAME} %{USERNAME} %{IP:pool_member}:%{NUMBER} %{USERNAME} %{USERNAME} %{USERNAME:monitor_status}.',extend={'DATE_TIME': '%{MONTH} %{MONTHDAY} %{TIME}'}))
预览处理日志:
# 日志1
content: Aug 2 04:06:08: host=10.1.1.124: local/ssl2 notice mcpd[3772]: User=jsmith@demo.com: severity=warning: 01070638:5: Pool member 172.31.51.22:0 monitor status down.
time: Aug 2 04:06:08
host: 10.1.1.124
level: notice
mcpd: 3772
user_field: jsmith@demo.com
severity_field: warning
pool_member: 172.31.51.22:0
monitor_status: down
# 日志2
content: Feb 5 3:15:09: host=1.1.1.1: local/ssl2 error mcpd[1222]: User=twiss@aliyun.com: severity=error: 01070639:6: Pool member 192.168.1.1 monitor status invalid.
time: Feb 5 3:15:09
host: 1.1.1.1
level: error
mcpd: 1222
user_field: twiss@aliyun.com
severity_field: error
pool_member: 192.168.1.1
monitor_status: invalid
从加工结果上分析可以看出使用anchor的本质跟据不变的边界提取变化的值,所以可能会有一部分变化的值被提取出来但不一定会被使用,不需要的值可以在fields中命名为*
详细参考e_anchor中的fields参数说明。
从加工规则上看方案一e_anchor加工规则更加容易理解上手,语法更简单。而方案二正则加工规则却晦涩难懂,并且容易出错,并且加工性能方面不如方案一。
对比
e_anchor函数
该函数灵活度不够强,比如以上日志形式改成如下:
# 日志1
content: Aug 2 04:06:08: 10.1.1.124: local/ssl2 notice mcpd[3772]: jsmith@demo.com: warning: 01070638:5: 172.31.51.22:0 down.
# 日志2
content: Feb 5 3:15:09: 1.1.1.1: local/ssl2 error mcpd[1222]: twiss@aliyun.com: error: 01070639:6: 192.168.1.1:0 invalid.
这种没有明显通用前后缀标识形式的日志文本(因为时间中也有:
导致标识边界不明显),使用e_anchor函数很难将全部的content解析出来,只能对单个的content有效,不具有通用性。
e_regex函数
这种形式的日志文本,用正则解析是能够解析出来的,具体操作如下:
e_regex("content","(?P<time>\b(?:Jan(?:uary|uar)?|Feb(?:ruary|ruar)?|M(?:a|ä)?r(?:ch|z)?|Apr(?:il)?|Ma(?:y|i)?|Jun(?:e|i)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|O(?:c|k)?t(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|De(?:c|z)(?:ember)?) (?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9]) (?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9]):(?:[0-5][0-9]):(?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?)): (?P<host>(?<![0-9])(?:(?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]))(?![0-9])): local\/ssl2 [a-z]+ mcpd\[(?P<mcpd>[0-9]+\]): (?P<user_field>[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_.+-=:]+@\b(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62})(?:\.(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62}))*(\.?|\b)): (?P<severity_field>[a-z]+): (?P<temp_field>[0-9]+:[0-9]+:) (?P<pool_member>(?<![0-9])(?:(?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5]))(?![0-9]):[0-9]+) (?P<monitor_status>[a-z]+).")
预览处理日志:
# 日志1
content: Aug 2 04:06:08: 10.1.1.124: local/ssl2 notice mcpd[3772]: jsmith@demo.com: warning: 01070638:5: 172.31.51.22:0 down.
time: Aug 2 04:06:08
host: 10.1.1.124
level: notice
mcpd: 3772
user_field: jsmith@demo.com
severity_field: warning
pool_member: 172.31.51.22:0
monitor_status: down
# 日志2
content: Feb 5 3:15:09: 1.1.1.1: local/ssl2 error mcpd[1222]: twiss@aliyun.com: error: 01070639:6: 192.168.1.1:0 invalid.
time: Feb 5 3:15:09
host: 1.1.1.1
level: error
mcpd: 1222
user_field: twiss@aliyun.com
severity_field: error
pool_member: 192.168.1.1
monitor_status: invalid
从加工的结果来看,解析出来的内容,与之前一样。在上述加工规则中,正则表达式只是把之前的前缀标识去掉,规则改动并不大,也能够把全部的content解析出来。
总结
1、有通用前后缀标识文本解析
日志
# 日志1
content: Time=10/Jun/2020:11:32:16 +0800; Host=m.zf.cn; Method=GET; Url=http://aliyun/zf/11874.html;
# 日志2
content: Time=11/Feb/2020:12:22:10 +0800; Host=sls.aliyun.cn; Method=POST; Url=http://aliyun/sls/1235.html;
以上日志形式都有通用的前缀标识如:Time=, Host=, Method=, Url=
后缀标识:;
即每个字段信息结尾都有一个分号。类似这种形式日志推荐使用e_anchor来做文本解析。
解析规则
# e_anchor提取
e_anchor("content","Time=*; Host=*; Method=*; Url=*;",["time","host","method","url"])
# 正则提取
e_regex("content","Time=(?<time>\b(?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9])\/\b(?:Jan(?:uary|uar)?|Feb(?:ruary|ruar)?|M(?:a|ä)?r(?:ch|z)?|Apr(?:il)?|Ma(?:y|i)?|Jun(?:e|i)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|O(?:c|k)?t(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|De(?:c|z)(?:ember)?)\b\/(?>\d\d){1,2}:(?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9]):(?:[0-5][0-9]):(?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?)\s\+[0-9]{4}); Host=(?<host>\b(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62})(?:\.(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62}))*(\.?|\b)); Method=(?<method>[a-zA-Z]+); Url=(?<url>[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_.+-=:]+);")
# e_kv提取
e_kv("content",sep="=", quote='"')
如果考虑加工速率,e_kv虽然语法短但是本质上也是使用正则做的提取,而e_anchor本质是使用字符串下标做解析的,所以推荐使用e_anchor函数解析。
2、有无通用前(后)缀标识混合文本解析
日志
# 日志1
content: 10/Jun/2020:11:32:16 +0800; m.zf.cn; Method=GET; Url=http://aliyun/zf/11874.html;
# 日志2
content: 11/Feb/2020:12:22:10 +0800; sls.aliyun.cn; Method=POST; Url=http://aliyun/sls/1235.html;
以上日志形式通用的前缀标识如:Method=, Url=
后缀标识:;
即每个字段信息结尾都有一个分号。但是,像time和hostname信息没有明显的前缀标识。类似这种形式日志也可以使用e_anchor来做文本解析。
解析规则
# e_anchor提取
e_anchor("content","*; *; Method=*; Url=*;",["time","host","method","url"])
# 正则提取
e_regex("content","(?<time>\b(?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9])\/\b(?:Jan(?:uary|uar)?|Feb(?:ruary|ruar)?|M(?:a|ä)?r(?:ch|z)?|Apr(?:il)?|Ma(?:y|i)?|Jun(?:e|i)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|O(?:c|k)?t(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|De(?:c|z)(?:ember)?)\b\/(?>\d\d){1,2}:(?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9]):(?:[0-5][0-9]):(?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?)\s\+[0-9]{4}); (?<host>\b(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62})(?:\.(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62}))*(\.?|\b)); Method=(?<method>[a-zA-Z]+); Url=(?<url>[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_.+-=:]+);")
此类型的日志使用e_kv是不能够完全解析出来。所以这种形式的日志推荐使用e_anchor函数
3、无明显通用前或后缀标识文本解析
日志
# 日志1
content: Aug 10: 11:12:03: Twiss Programmer Logon GUID is a unique identifier that can be used to correlate this event with a KDC event.
# 日志2
content: Feb 11: 10:00:00: Iran VC This will be 0 if no session key was requested.
无明显前后缀标识日志
解析规则
e_regex("content","(?P<time>(?:Jan(?:uary|uar)?|Feb(?:ruary|ruar)?|M(?:a|ä)?r(?:ch|z)?|Apr(?:il)?|Ma(?:y|i)?|Jun(?:e|i)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|O(?:c|k)?t(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|De(?:c|z)(?:ember)?) (?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9]): (?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9]):(?:[0-5][0-9]):(?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?)): (?P<name>[a-zA-Z]+) (?P<job>[a-zA-Z]+) (?P<msg>(.*)$)")
如果使用e_anchor规则解析的话解析起来会比较冗余,需要把month, day, time单独提取出来,如:
e_anchor("content","* *: *: * * *","month,day,time,user,job,msg")
如果把日期时间作为整体提取如:
e_anchor("source","*: * * *","time,user,job,msg")
# 提取日志为
"""
content : Feb 11: 10:00:00: Iran VC This will be 0 if no session key was requested.
time : Feb 11
user: 10:00:00:
job : Iran
msg : VC This will be 0 if no session key was requested.
"""
明显看出以上e_anchor把日期时间作为整体解析出来的日志是错误的。因此,此类型的日志前缀和后缀标识不明显推荐e_regex函数解析。
4、*
特殊字符作为前后缀标识文本
日志
# 日志1
content: Aug 10 11:12:03* Twiss* Programmer;
# 日志2
content: Feb 11 10:00:00* Iran* VC;
此类型日志无明显前缀标识,有明显的*
标做后缀。
解析规则
正则解析:
e_regex("content","(?P<time>(?:Jan(?:uary|uar)?|Feb(?:ruary|ruar)?|M(?:a|ä)?r(?:ch|z)?|Apr(?:il)?|Ma(?:y|i)?|Jun(?:e|i)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|O(?:c|k)?t(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|De(?:c|z)(?:ember)?) (?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9]) (?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9]):(?:[0-5][0-9]):(?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?))\* (?P<user>[a-zA-Z]+)、* (?P<Job>[a-zA-Z]+);")
以下使用e_anchor解析方式是错误的(是一个错误示例):
e_anchor("content","** **; *;",["time","user","job"])
e_anchor中的提取规则不支持**
这种形式。
此类型以*
特殊符号作为明显前后标识的文本,适合使用e_regex函数,不适合使用e_anchor函数。
5、e_anchor函数和e_regex函数适用场景表
场景 | e_anchor函数 | e_regex函数 |
---|---|---|
有通用前后缀标识文本解析 | 适合(推荐使用) | 适合 |
有无通用前(后)缀标识混合文本解析 | 适合(推荐使用) | 适合 |
无明显通用前或后缀标识文本解析 | 不适合 | 适合(推荐使用) |
* 特殊字符作为前后缀标识文本 |
不适合 | 适合(推荐使用) |