Argument Passing in General

• In the generic procedure call standard, all function arguments passed on the stack consume slots in multiples of 8 bytes. In iOS, this requirement is dropped, and values consume only the space required. For example, on entry to the function in Listing 1, s0 occupies 1 byte at sp and s1 occupies 1 byte at sp+1. Padding is still inserted on the stack to satisfy arguments’ alignment requirements.

  Listing 1  Example of space occupied by values

  void two_stack_args(char w0, char w1, char w2, char w3, char w4, char w5, char w6, char w7, char s0, char s1) {}

• The generic procedure call standard requires that arguments with 16-byte alignment passed in integer registers begin at an even-numbered xN, skipping a previous odd-numbered xN if necessary. The iOS ABI drops this requirement. For example, in Listing 2, the parameter x1_x2 does indeed get passed in x1 and x2 instead of x2 and x3.

  Listing 2  Example of 16-bit aligned arguments passed in integer registers

  void large_type(int x0, __int128 x1_x2) {}

• The general ABI specifies that it is the callee’s responsibility to sign or zero-extend arguments having fewer than 32 bits, and that unused bits in a register are unspecified. In iOS, however, the caller must perform such extensions, up to 32 bits.

Variadic Functions

The iOS ABI for functions that take a variable number of arguments is entirely different from the generic version.

Stages A and B of the generic procedure call standard are performed as usual—in particular, even variadic aggregates larger than 16 bytes are passed via a reference to temporary memory allocated by the caller. After that, the fixed arguments are allocated to registers and stack slots as usual in iOS.

The NSRN is then rounded up to the next multiple of 8 bytes, and each variadic argument is assigned to the appropriate number of 8-byte stack slots.

The C language requires arguments smaller than int to be promoted before a call, but beyond that, unused bytes on the stack are not specified by this ABI.

As a result of this change, the type va_list is an alias for char * rather than for the struct type specified in the generic PCS. It is also not in the std namespace when compiling C++ code.

Fundamental C Types

The iOS version of the ABI has the following differences from the generic ABI in the fundamental types provided by the C language.

• Generally, long double is a quad-precision IEEE754 binary floating-point type. In iOS, however, it is a double-precision IEEE754 binary floating-point type. In other words, long double is identical to double in iOS.

• In iOS, as with other Darwin platforms, both char and wchar_t are signed types.

Red Zone

The ARM64 iOS red zone consists of the 128 bytes immediately below the stack pointer sp. As with the x86-64 ABI, the operating system has committed not to modify these bytes during exceptions. User-mode programs can rely on them not to change unexpectedly, and can potentially make use of the space for local variables.

In some circumstances, this approach can save an sp-update instruction on function entry and exit.

Divergences from the Generic C++ ABI

The generic ARM64 C++ ABI is specified in C++ Application Binary Interface Standard for the ARM 64-bit architecture, which is in turn based on the Itanium C++ ABI used by many UNIX-like systems.

Some sections are ELF-specific and not applicable to the underlying object format used by iOS. There are, however, some significant differences from these specifications in iOS.

Name Mangling

When compiling C++ code, types get incorporated into the names of functions in a process referred to as “mangling.” The iOS ABI differs from the generic specification in the following small ways.

• Because va_list is an alias for char *, it is mangled in the same way—as Pc instead of St9__va_list.

• NEON vector types are mangled in the same way as their 32-bit ARM counterparts, rather than using the 64-bit scheme. For example, iOS uses17__simd128_int32_t instead of the generic 11__Int32x4_t.

Other Itanium Divergences

• In the generic ABI, empty structs are treated as aggregates with a single byte member for parameter passing. In iOS, however, they are ignored unless they have a nontrivial destructor or copy-constructor. If they do have such functions, they are considered as aggregates with one byte member in the generic manner.

• As with the ARM 32-bit C++ ABI, iOS requires the complete-object (C1) and base-object (C2) constructors to return this to their callers. Similarly, the complete object (D1) and base object (D2) destructors return this. This requirement is not made by the generic ARM64 C++ ABI.

• In the generic C++ ABI, array cookies change their size and alignment according to the type being allocated. As with the 32-bit ARM, iOS provides a fixed layout of two size_t words, with no extra alignment requirements.

• In iOS, object initialization guards are nominally uint64_t rather than int64_t. This affects the prototypes of the functions __cxa_guard_acquire,__cxa_guard_release and __cxa_guard_abort.

• In the generic ARM64 ABI, function pointers whose type differ only in being extern "C" or extern "C++" are interchangeable. This is not the case in iOS.