【重庆思庄Linux技术分享】-ansible使用jinja2管理配置文件以及jinja2语法简介

一、Jinja2介绍
Jinja2是基于python的模板引擎,功能比较类似于PHP的smarty,J2ee的Freemarker和velocity。它能完全支持unicode,并具有集成的沙箱执行环境,应用广泛。jinja2使用BSD授权
Jinja2的语法是由variables(变量)和statement(语句)组成,如下;
1、variables:可以输出数据
{{ my_variables }}
{{ some_dudes_name | capitalize }}
2、statements: 可以用来创建条件和循环等

if语句:
{% if my_conditional %}

{% endif %}
for 语句:
{% for item in all_items %}
{{item}}
……
{% endfor %}
从上面第二个variables的例子中可以看出,jinja2支持使用带过滤器的Unix型管道操作符,有很多的内置过滤器可供使用。我们可以仅仅用一堆简单if和for就可以建立几乎任何的常规配置文件,不过如果你有意更进一步,jinja2 documentation (http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/dev/)包含了很多有趣的东西可供了解。我们可以看到ansible允许在模板中使用诸如绘制时间此类的一些额外的模板变量
第一个例子:引用变量

#cd roles/template/
.
├── meta
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ ├── template.yml
│ └── main.yml
├── templates
│ ├── order.j2
└── vars
└── main.yml
总调度yml文件:

#cat templates.yml

  • hosts: 10.0.90.27
    user: root
    gather_facts: false
    roles:
    • role: template
      注意:这里 - role: template 和 - template 是一样的!
      其他yml文件,如下:

#cat tasks/main.yml

  • include: template.yml
    #cat tasks/template.yml
  • name: create {{ PROJECT }} directory
    file: dest=/data/{{ PROJECT }} state=directory
  • name: template transfor java dir
    template: src=order.j2 dest=/data/{{ PROJECT }}/order.conf
    #cat templates/order.j2
    project: {{ PROJECT }}
    switch: {{ SWITCH }}
    dbport: {{ DBPORT }}
    #cat vars/main.yml
    PROJECT: “JAVA”
    SWITCH: “ON”
    DBPORT: “8080”
    测试:

ansible-playbook templates.yml --syntax-check

playbook: templates.yml
执行:

ansible-playbook templates.yml

PLAY [10.0.90.27] **************************************************************
TASK [template : include] ***************************************************
included: /etc/ansible/roles/template/tasks/template.yml for 10.0.90.27
TASK [template : create JAVA directory] *************************************
changed: [10.0.90.27]
TASK [template : template transfor java dir] ********************************
changed: [10.0.90.27]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
10.0.90.27 : ok=3 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0
到10.0.90.27查看结果
#cat /data/JAVA/order.conf
project: JAVA
switch: ON
dbport: 8080
第二个例子:for 语句
为远程主机生成服务器列表,加入该列表从192.168.13.201 web01.test.com 到192.168.13.211 web11.test.com 结束,如果手动添加就很不科学了,这里需要使用jinja2语法的for循环通过模板批量生成对应的配置文件,如下:
ansible目录结构:

#cd /etc/ansible/roles/test_hosts
.
├── meta
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ ├── file1.yml
│ └── main.yml
├── templates
│ └── test1.j2
└── vars
└── main.yml
各个目录下yml文件内容:

cat tasks/file1.yml

  • name: ansible jinja2 template for hosts config
    template: src=test1.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.test

cat tasks/main.yml

  • include: file1.yml

cat templates/test1.j2

{% for id in range(201,212) %}
192.168.13.{{ id }} web{{ “%03d” |format(id-200) }}.test.com
{% endfor %}
解释:
{{ id }} 提取for循环中对应的变量id值
“%02d” 调用的是python内置的字符串格式化输出(%d格式化整数)因为是01,02这种格式,所以是保留2位,故用02
然后将结果通过管道符 “|” 传递给format 函数做二次处理。
执行结果:

#cat httpd.conf.test
192.168.13.201 web01.test.com
192.168.13.202 web02.test.com
192.168.13.203 web03.test.com
192.168.13.204 web04.test.com
192.168.13.205 web05.test.com
192.168.13.206 web06.test.com
192.168.13.207 web07.test.com
192.168.13.208 web08.test.com
192.168.13.209 web09.test.com
192.168.13.210 web10.test.com
192.168.13.211 web11.test.com
第三个例子:if语句
说明:如果定义端口号,就绑定定义的端口号,如果不定义端口号,就绑定默认端口号

ansible目录结果
#cd /etc/ansible/roles/mysql_cnf
#tree
.
├── meta
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ └── main.yml
├── templates
│ └── test3.j2
└── vars
主要的yml文件是templates目录下面的test3.j2

cat templates/test3.j2

{% if PORT %}
bind_address=10.0.90.27:{{ PORT }}
{% else %}
bind_address=10.0.90.27:3306
{% endif %}
playbook主文件

cat jinj2_test.yml


  • hosts: 10.0.90.27
    user: root
    gather_facts: false
    vars:
    PORT: 3136
    tasks:
    • name: copy file to client
      template: src=/etc/ansible/roles/mysql_cnf/templates/test3.j2 dest=/root/my.cnf
      执行:

ansible-playbook jinj2_test.yml

PLAY [10.0.90.27] **************************************************************
TASK [copy file to client] *****************************************************
changed: [10.0.90.27]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
10.0.90.27 : ok=1 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
查看

cat my.cnf

bind_address=10.0.90.27:3136
如果将vars变量去掉,执行结果:

cat jinj2_test.yml


  • hosts: 10.0.90.27
    user: root
    gather_facts: false
    vars:
    PORT: false
    tasks:
    • name: copy file to client
      template: src=/etc/ansible/roles/mysql_cnf/templates/test3.j2 dest=/root/my.cnf
      查看:

cat my.cnf

bind_address=10.0.90.27:3306
3、Jinja default()设定
精通程序编码的朋友皆知,default()默认值的设定有助于程序的健壮性和简洁性。所幸Jinja也支持该功能,上面的例子中生成Mysql配置文件中的端口定义,如果指定则PORT=3136,否则PORT=3306,我们将该案例改造为使用default()试试
编辑/etc/ansible/roles/mysql_cnf/templates/test3.j2内容如下,这种方法更简介。
bind_address=10.0.90.27:{{ PORT | default(3306) }}
二、ansible使用jiaja2生成apache多主机配置
1、创建目录,创建好之后如下:

#cd /etc/ansible/roles/apache_conf

tree ./

./
├── meta
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ ├── file.yml
│ └── main.yml
├── templates
│ └── apache.config.j2
└── vars
└── main.yml

4 directories, 5 files
2、创建tasks调度文件,如下:

#cat file.yml

  • name: ansible jinja2 template for apache config
    template: src=apache.config.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.template
    #cat main.yml
  • include: file.yml
    3、创建apache的jinja2模板文件,如下:

#cat apache.config.j2
NameVirtualHost *:80
{% for vhost in apache_vhost %}
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName {{ vhost.servername }}
DocumentRoot {{ vhost.documentroot }}
{% if vhost.serveradmin is defined %}
ServerAdmin {{ vhost.serveradmin }}
{% endif %}
<Directory “{{ vhost.documentroot }}”>
AllowOverride All
Options -Indexes FollowSymLinks
Order allow,deny
Allow from all


{% endfor %}
4、创建变量,如下:

#cat vars/main.yml
apache_vhost:

  • {servername: “apache.test1.com”, documentroot: “/data/test1/”}
  • {servername: “apache.test2.com”, documentroot: “/data/test2/”}
    5、创建总调度yml文件,如下:

#cat /etc/ansible/apache_test.yml

  • hosts: 10.0.90.27
    user: root
    gather_facts: no
    roles:
    • { role: apache_conf }
      6、测试:

#ansible-playbook apache_test.yml --syntax-check

playbook: apache_test.yml
7、执行测试

#ansible-playbook apache_test.yml
PLAY [10.0.90.27] **************************************************************
TASK [apache_conf : include] ***************************************************
included: /etc/ansible/roles/apache_conf/tasks/file.yml for 10.0.90.27
TASK [apache_conf : ansible jinja2 template for apache config] *****************
changed: [10.0.90.27]
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
10.0.90.27 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
8、到客户端查看

#cat httpd.conf.template
NameVirtualHost *:80
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName apache.test1.com
DocumentRoot /data/test1/
<Directory “/data/test1/”>
AllowOverride All
Options -Indexes FollowSymLinks
Order allow,deny
Allow from all


<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName apache.test2.com
DocumentRoot /data/test2/
<Directory “/data/test2/”>
AllowOverride All
Options -Indexes FollowSymLinks
Order allow,deny
Allow from all


三、ansible使用jiaja2生成nginx一个模板多种不同配置
说明:为2台Nginx Proxy,1台Nginx Web通过一套模板生成对应的配置
1、ansible目录结构:

cd roles/nginx_conf/

#tree
.
├── files
├── meta
│ └── main.yml
├── tasks
│ ├── file.yml
│ └── main.yml
├── templates
│ └── nginx.conf.j2
└── vars
└── main.yml
2、tasks目录下文件内容:

#cat tasks/file.yml

  • name: nginx.j2 template transfer example
    template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.template
    #cat tasks/main.yml
  • include: file.yml
    3、nginx模板文件

#cat templates/nginx.conf.j2
{% if nginx_use_proxy %}
{% for proxy in nginx_proxies %}
upstream {{ proxy.name }}
#server 127.0.0.1:{{ proxy.port }};
server {{ ansible_eth0.ipv4.address }}:{{ proxy.port }};
}
{% endfor %}
{% endif%}
server {
listen 80;
servername {{ nginx_server_name }};
access_log off;
error_log /etc/nginx/nginx_error.log;
rewrite ^ https:// s e r v e r n a m e server_name servern​amerequest_uri? permanent;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name {{ nginx_server_name }};
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/{{ nginx_ssl_cert_name }};
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/{{ nginx_ssl_cert_key }};
root {{ nginx_web_root }};
index index.html index.html;
{% if nginx_use_auth %}
auth_basic “Restricted”;
auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/{{ project_name }}.htpasswd;
{% endif %}
{% if nginx_use_proxy %}
{% for proxy in nginx_proxies %}
location {{ proxy.location }} {
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto http;
proxy_set_header X-Url-Scheme $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_pass http://{{ proxy.name }};
break;
}
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{% if nginx_server_static %}
location / {
try_files $url $url/ =404;
}
{% endif %}
}
4、ansible变量文件

cat vars/main.yml
nginx_server_name: www.testnginx.com
nginx_web_root: /data/html/
nginx_proxies:

  • name: suspicious
    location: /
    port: 1234
  • name: suspicious-api
    location: /api
    port: 4567
    ansible主playbook文件

#cat nginx_test.yml
##The first roles

  • name: Nginx Proxy Server’s Config Dynamic Create
    hosts: “10.0.90.25:10.0.90.26”
    remote_user: root
    vars:
    nginx_use_proxy: true
    nginx_ssl_cert_name: ifa.crt
    nginx_ssl_cert_key: ifa.key
    nginx_use_auth: true
    project_name: suspicious
    nginx_server_static: true
    gather_facts: true
    roles:
    • role: nginx_conf
      ##The second roles
  • name: Nginx WebServer’s Config Dynamic Create
    hosts: 10.0.90.27
    remote_user: root
    vars:
    nginx_use_proxy: false
    nginx_ssl_cert_name: ifa.crt
    nginx_ssl_cert_key: ifa.crt
    nginx_use_auth: false
    project_name: suspicious
    nginx_server_static: false
    gather_facts: false
    roles:
    • role: nginx_conf
      5、测试并执行:

#ansible-playbook nginx_test.yml --syntax-check
playbook: nginx_test.yml
执行:

ansible-playbook nginx_test.yml

PLAY [Nginx Proxy Server’s Config Dynamic Create] ******************************

TASK [setup] *******************************************************************
ok: [10.0.90.25]
ok: [10.0.90.26]

TASK [nginx_conf : include] ****************************************************
included: /etc/ansible/roles/nginx_conf/tasks/file.yml for 10.0.90.25, 10.0.90.26

TASK [nginx_conf : nginx.j2 template transfer example] *************************
changed: [10.0.90.26]
changed: [10.0.90.25]

PLAY [Nginx WebServer’s Config Dynamic Create] *********************************

TASK [nginx_conf : include] ****************************************************
included: /etc/ansible/roles/nginx_conf/tasks/file.yml for 10.0.90.27

TASK [nginx_conf : nginx.j2 template transfer example] *************************
changed: [10.0.90.27]

PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
10.0.90.25 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
10.0.90.26 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
10.0.90.27 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
6、查看检测执行结果
到Nginx Proxy 服务器查看配置文件

#cat nginx.conf.template
upstream suspicious
#server 127.0.0.1:1234;
server 10.0.90.26:1234;
}
upstream suspicious-api
#server 127.0.0.1:4567;
server 10.0.90.26:4567;
}
server {
listen 80;
servername www.testnginx.com;
access_log off;
error_log /etc/nginx/nginx_error.log;
rewrite ^ https:// s e r v e r n a m e server_name servern​amerequest_uri? permanent;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.testnginx.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ifa.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/ifa.key;
root /data/html/;
index index.html index.html;
auth_basic “Restricted”;
auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/suspicious.htpasswd;
location / {
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto http;
proxy_set_header X-Url-Scheme $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_pass http://suspicious;
break;
}
location /api {
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto http;
proxy_set_header X-Url-Scheme $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_pass http://suspicious-api;
break;
}
location / {
try_files $url $url/ =404;
}
}
到Nginx Web 服务器上查看配置文件

#cat nginx.conf.template
server {
listen 80;
servername www.testnginx.com;
access_log off;
error_log /etc/nginx/nginx_error.log;
rewrite ^ https:// s e r v e r n a m e server_name servern​amerequest_uri? permanent;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.testnginx.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ifa.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/ifa.crt;
root /data/html/;
index index.html index.html;
}
到这里,就结束了。用同样的模板通过简单的if和变量设置就可以完成不同类型主机的Nginx conf配置,所以一方面在了解Ansible强大的模板功能的同时,也需要看到模板质量的重要性。
【重庆思庄Linux技术分享】-ansible使用jinja2管理配置文件以及jinja2语法简介

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