playbooks剧本
playbooks 组成
(1)Tasks:任务,即通过 task 调用 ansible 的模板将多个操作组织在一个 playbook 中运行
(2)Variables:变量
(3)Templates:模板
(4)Handlers:处理器,当changed状态条件满足时,(notify)触发执行的操作
(5)Roles:角色
示例: vim test1.yaml --- #yaml文件以---开头,以表明这是一个yaml文件,可省略 - name: first play #定义一个play的名称,可省略 gather_facts: false #设置不进行facts信息收集,这可以加快执行速度,可省略,默认为true hosts: webservers #指定要执行任务的被管理主机组,如多个主机组用冒号分隔 remote_user: root #指定被管理主机上执行任务的用户 tasks: #定义任务列表,任务列表中的各任务按次序逐个在hosts中指定的主机上执行 - name: test connection #自定义任务名称 ping: #使用 module: [options] 格式来定义一个任务 - name: disable selinux command: '/sbin/setenforce 0' #command模块和shell模块无需使用key=value格式,直接用单引号加上命令即可 ignore_errors: True #如执行命令的返回值不为0,就会报错,tasks停止,可使用ignore_errors忽略失败的任务 - name: disable firewalld service: name=firewalld state=stopped #使用 module: options 格式来定义任务,option使用key=value格式 - name: install httpd yum: name=httpd state=latest #state这里指定的是最新的版本(latest) - name: install configuration file for httpd copy: src=/opt/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #这里需要一个事先准备好的/opt/httpd.conf文件 notify: "restart httpd" #如以上操作后为changed的状态时,会通过notify指定的名称触发对应名称的handlers操作 - name: start httpd service service: enabled=true name=httpd state=started handlers: #handlers中定义的就是触发任务,此处handlers中的任务使用的是service模块 - name: restart httpd #notify和handlers中任务的名称必须一致 service: name=httpd state=restarted ##Ansible在执行完某个任务之后并不会立即去执行对应的handler,而是在当前play中所有普通任务都执行完后再去执行handler,这样的好处是可以多次触发notify,但最后只执行一次对应的handler,从而避免多次重启。
运行playbook
ansible-playbook test1.yaml 补充参数: -k(-ask-pass):用来交互输入ssh密码 -K(-ask-become-pass):用来交互输入sudo密码 -u:指定用户 ansible-playbook test1.yaml --syntax-check #检查yaml文件的语法是否正确,只是部分语法并不能精准检查 ansible-playbook test1.yaml --list-task #检查tasks任务 ansible-playbook test1.yaml --list-hosts #检查生效的主机 ansible-playbook test1.yaml --start-at-task='install httpd' #指定从某个task开始运行
定义、引用变量
- name: second play hosts: dbservers remote_user: root vars: #定义变量 - groupname: mysql #格式为 key: value - username: nginx tasks: - name: create group group: name={{groupname}} system=yes gid=306 #使用 {{key}} 引用变量的值 - name: create user user: name={{username}} uid=306 group={{groupname}} - name: copy file copy: content="{{ansible_default_ipv4}}" dest=/opt/vars.txt #在setup模块中可以获取facts变量信息 ansible-playbook test1.yaml -e "username=nginx" #在命令行里定义变量,覆盖剧本里的值
指定远程主机sudo切换用户权限运行
--- - hosts: dbservers remote_user: zhangsan become: yes #2.6版本以后的参数,之前是sudo,意思为切换用户运行 become_user: root #指定sudo用户为root 执行playbook时:ansible-playbook test1.yml -K <密码>
when条件判断
在Ansible中,提供的唯一一个通用的条件判断是when指令,当when指令的值为true时,则该任务执行,否则不执行该任务。
when一个比较常见的应用场景是实现跳过某个主机不执行任务或者只有满足条件的主机执行任务
vim test2.yaml --- - hosts: all remote_user: root tasks: - name: shutdown host command: /sbin/shutdown -r now when: ansible_default_ipv4.address == "192.168.150.10" #.address为前一个变量的子变量,when指令中的变量名不需要手动加上 {{}} 或 when: inventory_hostname == "<主机名>" ansible-playbook test2.yaml
迭代(循环)
Ansible提供了很多种循环结构,一般都命名为with_items,作用等同于 loop 循环。
vim test3.yaml --- - name: play1 hosts: dbservers gather_facts: false tasks: - name: create directories file: #纵向写的格式,模块:参数 path: "{{item}}" state: directory with_items: #等同于 loop: - /tmp/test1 - /tmp/test2 - name: add users user: name={{item.name}} state=present groups={{item.groups}} #横向写的格式,模块=参数 with_items: - name: test1 groups: wheel - name: test2 groups: root 或 with_items: - {name:'test1', groups:'wheel'} - {name:'test2', groups:'root'} ansible-playbook test3.yaml
Templates 模块传递不同变量
Jinja是基于Python的模板引擎。Template类是Jinja的一个重要组件,可以看作是一个编译过的模板文件,用来产生目标文本,传递Python的变量给模板去替换模板中的标记,将配置文件改为以.j2为后缀的文件,然后在主机清单定义变量值,将.j2后缀的文件复制到远程主机上时里面的变量会变为主机清单中定义的值。
1、先准备一个以 .j2 为后缀的 template 模板文件,设置引用的变量 cp /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf /opt/httpd.conf.j2 vim /opt/httpd.conf.j2 Listen {{http_port}} #42行,修改 ServerName {{server_name}} #95行,修改 DocumentRoot "{{root_dir}}" #119行,修改 2、修改主机清单文件,使用主机变量定义一个变量名相同,而值不同的变量 vim /etc/ansible/hosts [webservers] 192.168.80.11 http_port=192.168.150.10:80 server_name=www.accp.com:80 root_dir=/etc/httpd/htdocs [dbservers] 192.168.80.12 http_port=192.168.150.15:80 server_name=www.benet.com:80 root_dir=/etc/httpd/htdocs 3、编写 playbook vim apache.yaml --- - hosts: all remote_user: root vars: - package: httpd - service: httpd tasks: - name: install httpd package yum: name={{package}} state=latest - name: install configure file template: src=/opt/httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #使用template模板 notify: - restart httpd - name: create root dir file: path=/etc/httpd/htdocs state=directory - name: start httpd server service: name={{service}} enabled=true state=started handlers: - name: restart httpd service: name={{service}} state=restarted ansible-playbook apache.yaml
示例yum安装LNMP
vim /etc/ansible/hosts vim /opy/nginx.repo #准备nginx的下载源 [nginx-stable] name=nginx stable repo baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/$basearch/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 mkdir /etc/ansible/lnmp vim /etc/ansible/lnmp/ - name: nginx gather_facts: false hosts: lnmpservers remote_user: root tasks: - name: test connection ping: - name: disable seliux command: '/sbin/setenforce 0' ignore_errors: true - name: set yum copy: src=/opt/nginx.repo dest=/etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo #复制宿主机的nginx下载源文件 - name: install nginx yum: name=nginx state=latest - name: start nginx service service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes - name: mysql gather_facts: false hosts: lnmpservers remote_user: root tasks: - name: remove mariadb yum: name=mariadb* state=absent - name: wget command: wget -i -c http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm - name: install mysql yum: name=mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm - name: install mysql yum: name=mysql-community-server state=latest - name: start mysqld service service: name=mysqld state=started enabled=yes - name: genggai mima #获取mysql的登录密码并进行更改,需要大小写字母加符号和数字的组合 shell: mysqladmin -u root -p"$(grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log | awk 'NR==1{print $NF}')" password 'Admin@123' - name: shouquan #授予登录权限 shell: mysql -uroot -p'Admin@123' -e "grant all privileges on *.* to 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Admin@123';" -e "flush privileges;" - name: remove mysql57 yum: name=mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch state=absent - name: php gather_facts: false hosts: lnmpservers remote_user: root tasks: - name: download libargon2 epel epel shell: rpm -Uvh http://download-ib01.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/l/libargon2-20161029-3.el7.x86_64.rpm && rpm -Uvh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm && rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm ignore_errors: true - name: install php shell: yum -y install php72w php72w-cli php72w-common php72w-devel php72w-embedded php72w-gd php72w-mbstring php72w-pdo php72w-xml php72w-fpm php72w-mysqlnd php72w-opcache php72w-redis ignore_errors: true - name: start php service: name=php-fpm state=started enabled=yes - name: for peizhi nginx zhichi php jiexi copy: src=/opt/default.conf dest=/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf #复制宿主机的配置文件 - name: modify index.php copy: src=/opt/index.php dest=/usr/share/nginx/html/index.php #复制宿主机的php首页我文件 - name: restart nginx service: name=nginx state=restarted
#在/opt目录准备首页文件和nginx的配置文件
vim /opt/index.php #配置一个简单的php首页文件调用数据
vim /opt/default.conf #取消注释,支持php服务
web页面访问http://192.168.150.5/index.php