Turtle不能创建图形用户界面
类定义中 def drive（selef，distance） 方法中self参数得问题,例如：xxx takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
1 简单案例：按钮
from tkinter import *
window=Tk()
label=Label(window,text="welcome to python")
button=Button(window,text="click me")
label.pack()
button.pack()#打包
window.mainloop()#创建循环，直到关闭主窗口
2 按钮一些功能
from tkinter import *
#回调函数，或处理器
def processOn():
print("On button is clicked")
def processCancel():
print("Cancel button is clicked")
window=Tk()
# command
# 按钮关联的函数，当按钮被点击时，执行该函数
# activebackground
# 当鼠标放上去时，按钮的背景色
# activeforeground
# 当鼠标放上去时，按钮的前景色
# bg
# 按钮的背景色
# fg
# 按钮的前景色（按钮文本的颜色）
btOk=Button(window,text="On",fg="green",command=processOn(),height=10,width="10",bg="black",activebackground="red")
btCancel=Button(window,text="Cancel",fg="yellow",command=processCancel(),height=10,width="10",bg="black",activeforeground="red")
btOk.pack()
btCancel.pack()
window.mainloop()#创建循环，直到关闭主窗口
3 小构件类
可以window.title(" ")
更多
或者查看这个的更多内容
通过 widget[“propertyName”]=newPropertyName来改变属性
widget["text"]="newText"# 改变控键显示文字
widget["cursor"]="plus"#改变鼠标光标
widget["justify"]=LEFT #改变对齐方式
IntVar ,StringVar,DoubleVar 为 输入域（文本域）输入值的对象类型
3.1 输入输出框
from tkinter import *
class WidgeDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("widgets demo ")
'''
add a check button and a radio button to frame1
'''
frame1=Frame(window)
frame1.pack()
self.v1=IntVar()# 和Checkbutton联系
cbtBox=Checkbutton(frame1,text="Bold",
variable=self.v1,
command=self.processCheck)
self.v2=IntVar()
rbRed=Radiobutton(frame1,text="Red",bg="red",
variable=self.v2,value=1,
command=self.processRadiobutton)
rbYello=Radiobutton(frame1,text="Yellow",bg="yellow",
variable=self.v2,value=2,
command=self.processRadiobutton)
# 调整规格
cbtBox.grid(row=1,column=1)
rbRed.grid(row=1,column=2)
rbYello.grid(row=1,column=3)
'''
# add a label ,an entry,a button and a message to frame2
'''
frame2=Frame(window)
frame2.pack()
label=Label(frame2,text="Enter your name")
self.name=StringVar() #获取名字变量
entryName=Entry(frame2,textvariable=self.name)#输入框
btGetName=Button(frame2,text="Get Name",command=self.processGetNameButton)
message=Message(frame2,text="It is a widgets demo")
#调整
label.grid(row=1,column=1)
entryName.grid(row=1,column=2)
btGetName.grid(row=1,column=3)
message.grid(row=1,column=4)
#add text
text=Text(window)
text.pack()
text.insert(END ,"Tip\nThe best way to learn Tkinker is to read\n")
text.insert(END,"我是菜鸟码农，在努力中\n")
text.insert(END,"中国加油，武汉加油\n")
window.mainloop()
def processCheck(self):
print("Check button is "+("checked " if self.v1.get()== 1 else "unchecked"))
def processRadiobutton(self):
print("Red" if self.v2.get()==1 else "Yellow")
def processGetNameButton(self):
print("your name is "+self.name.get())
WidgeDemo() #create 对象
稍微改动后：
#add text
self.text=Text(window)
self.text.pack()
self.text.insert(END ,"信息如下：\n")
window.mainloop()
和
def processGetNameButton(self):
print("your name is "+self.name.get())
self.text.insert(END ,"Your name is "+self.name.get()+"\n")
3.2 动态改变标签
from tkinter import *
class ChangeLabelDemo:
def processButton(self):
self.lbl["text"]=self.msg.get()
def processRadiobutton(self):
if self.v1.get()=="R":
self.lbl["fg"]="red"
elif self.v1.get()=='Y':
self.lbl["fg"]="yellow"
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("Change Label Demo")
#add label to frame
frame1=Frame(window)
frame1.pack()
self.lbl=Label(frame1,text="Python is funny",bg="black",fg="white")
self.lbl.pack()
#Add a lable ,entry,button,two radiobutton to frame2
frame2=Frame(window)
frame2.pack()
label=Label(frame2,text="Enter text: ")
self.msg=StringVar()
entry=Entry(frame2,textvariable=self.msg)
btChange=Button(frame2,text="Change text",command=self.processButton)
self.v1=StringVar()
rbRed=Radiobutton(frame2,text="Red",
bg="red",variable=self.v1,
value="R",command=self.processRadiobutton)
rbYellow=Radiobutton(frame2,text="Yellow",
bg="yellow",variable=self.v1,
value="Y",command=self.processRadiobutton)
label.grid(row=1,column=1)
entry.grid(row=1,column=2)
btChange.grid(row=1,column=3)
rbRed.grid(row=1,column=4)
rbYellow.grid(row=1,column=5)
window.mainloop()
ChangeLabelDemo()
4 画布
from tkinter import *
class CanvasDemo:
def displayRect(self):
self.canvas.create_rectangle(10,10,190,90,tags="rect")
def displayOval(self):
# (x1,y1,x2,y2)
self.canvas.create_oval(10,10,190,90,fill="red",tags="oval")
def displayArc(self):#弧线
'''
以(x1,y1)和(x2,y2)为对角线画个矩形，中间画个椭圆，以start-》extent度数旋转
'''
# 默认为 extent=90
self.canvas.create_arc(10,10,190,90,start=0,extent=45,width=8,fill="red",tags="arc")
def displayPolygon(self):#多边形 x1,y1,x2,y2
self.canvas.create_polygon(10,10,190,90,30,90,tags="polygon")
def displayLine(self):
self.canvas.create_line(10,90,190,90,fill="yellow",tags="line")
self.canvas.create_line(10,90,190,10,width=9,arrow="last",activefill="red",tags="line")#鼠标接触就变红色，arrow+create_line画一条有箭头线段
# arrow参数还可以为first,end ,both
def displayString(self):
self.canvas.create_text(60,40,text="This is a string.",font="Times 10 bold underline",tags="string")
def clearCanvas(self):
self.canvas.delete("rect","oval","arc","polygon","line","string")
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
#create a window 200*100（单位是象素）横轴为x轴，竖轴为y轴
window.title("Canvas Demo")
self.canvas=Canvas(window,width=200,height=100,bg="white")
self.canvas.pack()
# place buttons in frame
frame=Frame(window)
frame.pack()
btRectangle=Button(frame,text="Rectangle",command=self.displayRect)
btOval=Button(frame,text="Oval",command=self.displayOval)
btArc=Button(frame,text="Arc",command=self.displayArc)
btPolygon=Button(frame,text="Polygon",command=self.displayPolygon)
btLine=Button(frame,text="Line",command=self.displayLine)
btString=Button(frame,text="String",command=self.displayString)
btClear=Button(frame,text="Clear",command=self.clearCanvas)
btRectangle.grid(row=1,column=1)
btOval.grid(row=1,column=2)
btArc.grid(row=1,column=3)
btPolygon.grid(row=1,column=4)
btLine.grid(row=1,column=5)
btString.grid(row=1,column=6)
btClear.grid(row=1,column=7)
window.mainloop()
CanvasDemo()
5 几何管理器
（Python GUI）对pack（几何管理器）与grid（网格管理器）的理解
5.1 网格管理器
from tkinter import *
class GridManangerDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("Grid Manager Demo")
message=Message(window,text="Enter your firstName and lastName")
message.grid(row=1,column=1,rowspan=3,columnspan=2)#拓展为3行2列
Label(window,text="First Name").grid(row=1,column=3)
Entry(window).grid(row=1,column=4,padx=1,pady=1)
# padx , pady :填充单元格中水平方向和竖直方向上的可选空间
# ipadx是每个widget的内部间隔
# padx 是每个widget的外部间隔
Label(window,text="Last Name").grid(row=2,column=3)
Entry(window).grid(row=2,column=4)
Button(window,text="Get Name").grid(row=3,column=4,padx=5,pady=5,sticky=E)
#sticky表示按钮位置方向，东西南北,EWSN,NW,NE,SW,SE
# sticky=E,和Entry对齐
window.mainloop()
GridManangerDemo()
5.2 包管理器
from tkinter import *
class PackManagerDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("PackManagerDemo")
Label(window,text="Green",bg="green").pack(side =RIGHT)
Label(window,text="Blue",bg="blue").pack(side=LEFT,fill=BOTH,expand=1)
Label(window,text="Red",bg="red").pack(side=BOTTOM,fill=BOTH)
# fill=BOTH,X,Y :填充2个方向或水平或竖直方向的空间
# expand分配额外的空间给小构件开给你
# side=LEFT,RIGHT,TOP,BOTTOM,默认为TOP
window.mainloop()
PackManagerDemo()
5.3 位置管理器
from tkinter import *
class PlaceManagerDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("Place ManagerDemo")
Label(window,text="Blue",bg="Blue").place(x=20,y=30)
Label(window,text="Red",bg="red").place(x=50,y=50)
Label(window,text="Green",bg="Green").place(x=80,y=70)
window.mainloop()
PlaceManagerDemo()
由于不兼容因素，避免使用位置管理器
5.4 实例：贷款计算器
from tkinter import *
class LoanCalculator:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("Loan Calculator")
Label(window,text="Annual Interest Rate").grid(row=1,column=1,sticky=W)
Label(window,text="Number of Years").grid(row=2,column=1,sticky=W)
Label(window,text="Loan Amount").grid(row=3,column=1,sticky=W)
Label(window,text="Monthly Payment").grid(row=4,column=1,sticky=W)
Label(window,text="Total Payment").grid(row=5,column=1,sticky=W)
self.annualInterestRate=StringVar()
Entry(window,textvariable=self.annualInterestRate,
justify=RIGHT).grid(row=1,column=2)
self.numberOfYears=StringVar()
Entry(window,textvariable=self.numberOfYears,
justify=RIGHT).grid(row=2,column=2)
self.loanAmount=StringVar()
Entry(window,textvariable=self.loanAmount,
justify=RIGHT).grid(row=3,column=2)
self.monthlyPaymentVar=StringVar()
lblMonthlyPayment=Label(window,textvariable=self.monthlyPaymentVar).grid(row=4,column=2,sticky=E)
self.totalPaymentVar=StringVar()
lblTotalPayment=Label(window,textvariable=self.totalPaymentVar).grid(row=5,column=2,sticky=E)
btComputerPayment=Button(window,text="Computer Payment",command=self.computePayment).grid(row=6,column=2,sticky=E)
window.mainloop()
def computePayment(self):
monthlyPayment=self.getMonthlyPayment(
float(self.loanAmount.get()),
float(self.annualInterestRate.get())/1200,
int(self.numberOfYears.get()))
self.monthlyPaymentVar.set(format(monthlyPayment,"10.2f"))
totalPayment=float(self.monthlyPaymentVar.get()) * 12 * int(self.numberOfYears.get())
self.totalPaymentVar.set(format(totalPayment,"10.2f"))
def getMonthlyPayment(self,loanAmount,monthlyInterestRate,numberOfYears):
monthlyPayment=monthlyInterestRate*loanAmount/(1-1/(1+monthlyInterestRate)**(numberOfYears*12))
return monthlyPayment
LoanCalculator()
总结：
包管理器（pack())把小构件一个挨着一个放在一起或一个在另一个的顶部
网格管理器（grid())放在网格中
位置管理器放在绝对位置
6.1 显示图像
from tkinter import *
from PIL import ImageTk
class ImageDemo:
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("ImageDemo")
# tkinter中PhotoImage只能打开gif文件，还不是仅仅改个后缀就完事的那种。而要打开的是一个.jpg文件。
# 所以改用了ImageTk.PhotoImage
#create Image objects
firstImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/1.jpg")
secondImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file="C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/2.jpg")
smileImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file="C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/3.gif")
dragonImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file="C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/4.gif")
circleImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file="C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/circle.gif")
# frame to contain label and canvas
frame1=Frame(window)
frame1.pack()
Label(frame1,image=firstImage).pack(side=LEFT)
canvas=Canvas(frame1)
canvas.create_image(90,50,image=secondImage)
canvas["width"]=200
canvas["height"]=100
canvas.pack(side=LEFT)
frame2=Frame(window)
frame2.pack()
Button(frame2,image=smileImage).pack(side=LEFT)
Radiobutton(frame2,image=dragonImage).pack(side=LEFT)
Checkbutton(frame2,image=circleImage).pack(side=LEFT)
window.mainloop()
ImageDemo()
6.2 自己实现的图片显示和关闭+网上看到的压缩图片算法
from tkinter import *
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
from IPython.terminal.pt_inputhooks import tk
class ImageDemo:
#对一个pil_image对象进行缩放，让它在一个矩形框内，还能保持比例
def resize( self,w_box, h_box, pil_image): #参数是：要适应的窗口宽、高、Image.open后的图片
w, h = pil_image.size #获取图像的原始大小
f1 = 1.0*w_box/w
f2 = 1.0*h_box/h
factor = min([f1, f2])#选择最小的缩小比例，使得图形成比例变小
width = int(w*factor)
height = int(h*factor)
return pil_image.resize((width, height), Image.ANTIALIAS)
def displayImage(self):
self.filePath=self.filePathVar.get()
w_box = 110 # 期望图像显示的大小（窗口大小）
h_box = 250
# pil_image = Image.open(r'C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/1.jpg') #以一个PIL图像对象打开 【调整待转图片格式】
pil_image = Image.open( self.filePath) #以一个PIL图像对象打开 【调整待转图片格式】
pil_image_resized = self.resize( w_box, h_box, pil_image) #缩放图像让它保持比例，同时限制在一个矩形框范围内 【调用函数，返回整改后的图片】
self.imageItem = ImageTk.PhotoImage(pil_image_resized) # 把PIL图像对象转变为Tkinter的PhotoImage对象 【转换格式，方便在窗口展示】
self.canvas.create_image(w_box,h_box,image=self.imageItem, tags="Image")
def __init__(self):
window = Tk()
window.title("ImageDemo")
self.canvas = Canvas(window,width=180,height=400)
self.canvas.pack()
frame = Frame(window)
frame.pack()
self.filePathVar=StringVar()
Entry(frame,textvariable=self.filePathVar,justify=LEFT,width=40).grid(row=1,column=1)
btOn = Button(frame, text="显示图片", command=self.displayImage,).grid(row=2, column=1,sticky=W)
# Python3 tkinter基础 Canvas delete 删除画布中的所有图形
btDelete = Button(frame, text="关闭图片", command=(lambda x=ALL: self.canvas.delete(x))).grid(row=2, column=2,sticky=E)
window.mainloop() #创建事件循环直到关闭主窗口
ImageDemo()
# 测试案例：C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/1.jpg
7.1 菜单
from tkinter import *
from PIL import ImageTk
class MenuDemo:
def add(self):
self.v3.set( eval(self.v1.get())+eval(self.v2.get()) )
def subtract(self):
self.v3.set(eval(self.v1.get())-eval(self.v2.get()) )
def multiply(self):
self.v3.set(eval(self.v1.get())*eval(self.v2.get()) )
def divide(self):
self.v3.set(eval(self.v1.get())/eval(self.v2.get()) )
def __init__(self):
window=Tk()
window.title("Menu Demo")
#create a menu bar
menubar=Menu(window)
window.config(menu=menubar) # display the menu bar 将菜单栏添加到菜单
#create a pull-down menu,and add it to the menu bar
operationMenu =Menu(menubar,tearoff=0)
# tearoff=0表示菜单不能移出窗口，不然会移出
# 设置菜单标签
menubar.add_cascade(label="Operation",menu=operationMenu)
operationMenu.add_command(label="Add",command=self.add)
operationMenu.add_command(label="Subtract",command=self.subtract)
operationMenu.add_command(label="Multiply",command=self.multiply)
operationMenu.add_command(label="Divide",command=self.divide)
# create more pull-down menus
exitMenu=Menu(window,tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Exit",menu=exitMenu)
exitMenu.add_command(label="Quit",command=window.quit)
# add a tool bar frame0
frame0=Frame(window)
frame0.grid(row=1,column=1,sticky=W)
#create images
plusImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/plus.png")
minusImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/minus.png")
multiplyImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/multiply.png")
divideImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/divide.png")
Button(frame0,image=plusImage,command=self.add).grid(row=1,column=1,sticky=W)
Button(frame0,image=minusImage,command=self.subtract).grid(row=1,column=2)
Button(frame0,image=multiplyImage,command=self.multiply).grid(row=1,column=3)
Button(frame0,image=divideImage,command=self.divide).grid(row=1,column=4)
# add buttons to frame1
frame1=Frame(window)
frame1.grid(row=2,column=1,pady=10) #pady=?
Label(frame1,text="Number1").pack(side=LEFT)
self.v1=StringVar()
Entry(frame1,width=5,textvariable=self.v1,justify=RIGHT).pack(side=LEFT)
Label(frame1,text="Number2").pack(side=LEFT)
self.v2=StringVar()
Entry(frame1,width=5,textvariable=self.v2,justify=RIGHT).pack(side=LEFT)
Label(frame1,text="Result").pack(side=LEFT)
self.v3=StringVar()
Entry(frame1,width=5,textvariable=self.v3,justify=LEFT).pack(side=LEFT)
# add button to frame2
frame2=Frame(window)
frame2.grid(row=3,column=1,pady=10,sticky=E)
Button(frame2,text="Add",command=self.add).pack(side=LEFT)
Button(frame2,text="Subtract",command=self.subtract).pack(side=LEFT)
Button(frame2,text="Multiply",command=self.multiply).pack(side=LEFT)
Button(frame2,text="Divide",command=self.divide).pack(side=LEFT)
mainloop()
MenuDemo()
7.2 弹出菜单
（上下文菜单，没有菜单栏浮现屏幕任何一个地方）
from tkinter import *
from PIL import ImageTk
class MenuDemo:
def add(self):
self.v3.set( eval(self.v1.get())+eval(self.v2.get()) )
def subtract(self):
self.v3.set(eval(self.v1.get())-eval(self.v2.get()) )
def multiply(self):
self.v3.set(eval(self.v1.get())*eval(self.v2.get()) )
def divide(self):
self.v3.set(eval(self.v1.get())/eval(self.v2.get()) )
def popup(self,event):
self.operationMenu.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)
def popup1(self,event):
self.exitMenu1.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)
def __init__(self):
window=Tk()
window.title("Menu Demo")
#create a menu bar
menubar=Menu(window)
window.config(menu=menubar) # display the menu bar 将菜单栏添加到菜单
#create a pull-down menu,and add it to the menu bar
window.bind("<Button-1>",self.popup)
self.operationMenu=Menu(window,tearoff=0)
self.operationMenu.add_command(label="Add",command=self.add)
self.operationMenu.add_command(label="Subtract",command=self.subtract)
self.operationMenu.add_command(label="Multiply",command=self.multiply)
self.operationMenu.add_command(label="Divide",command=self.divide)
# create more pull-down menus
exitMenu=Menu(window,tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Exit",menu=exitMenu)
exitMenu.add_command(label="Quit",command=window.quit)
window.bind("<Button-3>",self.popup1)
self.exitMenu1=Menu(window,tearoff=0)
self.exitMenu1.add_command(label="Quit",command=window.quit)
# add a tool bar frame0
frame0=Frame(window)
frame0.grid(row=1,column=1,sticky=W)
#create images
plusImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/plus.png")
minusImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/minus.png")
multiplyImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/multiply.png")
divideImage=ImageTk.PhotoImage(file = "C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/divide.png")
Button(frame0,image=plusImage,command=self.add).grid(row=1,column=1,sticky=W)
Button(frame0,image=minusImage,command=self.subtract).grid(row=1,column=2)
Button(frame0,image=multiplyImage,command=self.multiply).grid(row=1,column=3)
Button(frame0,image=divideImage,command=self.divide).grid(row=1,column=4)
# add buttons to frame1
frame1=Frame(window)
frame1.grid(row=2,column=1,pady=10) #pady=?
Label(frame1,text="Number1").pack(side=LEFT)
self.v1=StringVar()
Entry(frame1,width=5,textvariable=self.v1,justify=RIGHT).pack(side=LEFT)
Label(frame1,text="Number2").pack(side=LEFT)
self.v2=StringVar()
Entry(frame1,width=5,textvariable=self.v2,justify=RIGHT).pack(side=LEFT)
Label(frame1,text="Result").pack(side=LEFT)
self.v3=StringVar()
Entry(frame1,width=5,textvariable=self.v3,justify=LEFT).pack(side=LEFT)
# add button to frame2
frame2=Frame(window)
frame2.grid(row=3,column=1,pady=10,sticky=E)
Button(frame2,text="Add",command=self.add).pack(side=LEFT)
Button(frame2,text="Subtract",command=self.subtract).pack(side=LEFT)
Button(frame2,text="Multiply",command=self.multiply).pack(side=LEFT)
Button(frame2,text="Divide",command=self.divide).pack(side=LEFT)
mainloop()
MenuDemo()
右击效果
主要代码是
window.bind("<Button-3>",self.popup1)
self.exitMenu1=Menu(window,tearoff=0)
self.exitMenu1.add_command(label="Quit",command=window.quit)
def popup1(self,event):
self.exitMenu1.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)
8 鼠标、按钮事件和绑定
函数详细
事件的描述格式为：<[modifier-]-type[-detail]>
8.1 事件
当3次单击鼠标i键是发生
8.2 属性
8.3 实例1 ：按键和鼠标
from tkinter import *
class MouseKeyEventDemo:
def processMouseEvent(self,event):
print("clicked at widget's",event.x,event.y)
print("Position at the screen's ",event.x_root,event.y_root)
print("which button of mouse is clicked?",event.num)
print("which widget is operated?",event.widget)
def processKeyEvent(self,event):
print("keysym?(键符号--字符)",event.keysym)
print("char?（字母符号）",event.char)
print("keycode?（统一码）",event.keycode)
print("which widget is operated?",event.widget)
def __init__(self):
window=Tk()
window.title("Event Demo")
canvas=Canvas(window,height=500,width=500)
canvas.pack()
#bind with<Button-1> event
# canvas.bind("<Button-2>",self.processMouseEvent)
canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>",self.processMouseEvent)
canvas.bind("<Key>",self.processKeyEvent)
canvas.focus_set()# 设置焦点，获取鼠标焦点
window.mainloop()
MouseKeyEventDemo()
移动后：
按键：
8.4 圆的半径动态变换
规则： 左击半径变小，右击变大
from tkinter import *
import tkinter.messagebox
class EnlargeShrinkCircle:
def __init__(self):
self.radius=50
window=Tk()
window.title("Control Circle Demo")
self.canvas=Canvas(window,width=200,height=200)
self.canvas.pack()
self.canvas.create_oval(100-self.radius,100-self.radius,100+self.radius,100+self.radius,tags="Circle")
window.bind("<Button-1>",self.decreaseCircle)
window.bind("<Button-3>",self.increaseCircle)
window.mainloop()
def increaseCircle(self,event):
if self.radius<100:
self.canvas.delete("Circle")
self.radius+=2
self.canvas.create_oval(100-self.radius,100-self.radius,100+self.radius,100+self.radius,tags="Circle")
else :
tkinter.messagebox.showwarning("警告","圆的半径已到达最大值，不能溢界")
def decreaseCircle(self,event):
if self.radius>2:
self.canvas.delete("Circle")
self.radius-=2
self.canvas.create_oval(100-self.radius,100-self.radius,100+self.radius,100+self.radius,tags="Circle")
else:
tkinter.messagebox.showwarning("警告","圆的已到达最小值，不能溢界")
EnlargeShrinkCircle()
9 动画
9.1存在一个问题的动画
from tkinter import *
class AnimationDemo:
def __init__(self):
window=Tk()
window.title("Animation Demo")
width=250 #width of the canvas
canvas=Canvas(window, bg="white",width=300,height=50)
canvas.pack()
x=0
canvas.create_text(x,30,text="This is a moving message.",tags="text")
dx=3
while True:
canvas.move("text",dx,0)
canvas.after(100)#Sleep
canvas.update()#Update canvas 重新显示画板
if x<width:
x+=dx
else:
x=0
canvas.delete("text")
canvas.create_text(x,30,text="This is a moving message.",tags="text")
window.mainloop()
#关闭窗口时， draw() 还在跑， 但canvas已经没有了，出现”tkinter.TclError: invalid command name ".!canvas"的错误，可以通过按钮来控制关闭canvas，不报错
AnimationDemo()
9.2 改进的动画
from tkinter import *
class AnimationDemo:
def stop(self):
self.isStopped=True
def Resume(self):
self.isStopped=False
self.Animation()
def Faster(self):
if self.SleepTime>5:
self.SleepTime-=20
def Slower(self):
self.SleepTime+=20
def __init__(self):
self.window=Tk()
self.window.title("Animation Demo")
self.width=250 #width of the canvas
self.canvas=Canvas(self.window, bg="white",width=300,height=50)
self.canvas.pack()
frame=Frame(self.window)
frame.pack()
btStop=Button(self.window,text="Stop",font=("华文新魏",20),command=self.stop).pack(side=LEFT)
btResume=Button(self.window,text="Resume",font=("华文新魏",20),command=self.Resume).pack(side=LEFT)
btFaster=Button(self.window,text="Faster",font=("华文新魏",20),command=self.Faster).pack(side=LEFT)
btSlower=Button(self.window,text="Slower",font=("华文新魏",20),command=self.Slower).pack(side=LEFT)
btQuit=Button(self.window,text="Quit",font=("华文新魏",20),command=self.window.quit).pack(side=LEFT)
self.isStopped=False
self.x=0
self.SleepTime=100
self.dx=3
self.canvas.create_text(self.x,30,text="This is a moving message.",tags="text")
self.Animation()
self.window.mainloop()
def Animation(self):
while not self.isStopped:
self.canvas.move("text",self.dx,0)
self.canvas.after(self.SleepTime)
self.canvas.update()
if self.x< self.width:
self.x+=self.dx
else:
self.x=0
self.canvas.delete("text")
self.canvas.create_text(self.x,30,text="This is a moving message.",tags="text")
AnimationDemo()
可以通过stop后点击x或quit按钮关闭，不会出现错误
10 滚动条
from tkinter import *
class ScollText:
def __init__(self):
window=Tk()
window.title("Scoll Text")
frame1=Frame(window)
frame1.pack()
scrollbar=Scrollbar(frame1)
scrollbar.pack(side=RIGHT,fill=Y)
text=Text(frame1,width=40,height=10,wrap=WORD,yscrollcommand=scrollbar.set)
text.pack()
scrollbar.config(command=text.yview)# create a event loop
window.mainloop()
ScollText()
11 标准对话框 Messagebox
import tkinter.messagebox
import tkinter.simpledialog
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo("showinfo","This is a info msg")
tkinter.messagebox.showwarning("showwarning","This is a warning")
tkinter.messagebox.showerror("showerror","This is an error")
isYes=tkinter.messagebox.askyesno("askyesno","Continue?")
print(isYes)
isOK=tkinter.messagebox.askokcancel("askokcancel","Ok?")
print(isOK)
isYesNoCancel=tkinter.messagebox.askyesnocancel("askyesnocancel","Yes,No,Cancel?")# True,False,None
print(isYesNoCancel)
name=tkinter.simpledialog.askstring("askstring","Enter your name")
age=tkinter.simpledialog.askinteger("askinteger","Enter your age")
weight=tkinter.simpledialog.askfloat("askfloat","Enter your weight")
print("Name=",name," Age=",age," Weight=",weight)