经典算法题每日演练——第十四题 Prim算法

        图论在数据结构中是非常有趣而复杂的,作为web码农的我,在实际开发中一直没有找到它的使用场景,不像树那样的频繁使用,不过还是准备

仔细的把图论全部过一遍。

一:最小生成树

       图中有一个好玩的东西叫做生成树,就是用边来把所有的顶点联通起来,前提条件是最后形成的联通图中不能存在回路,所以就形成这样一个

推理:假设图中的顶点有n个,则生成树的边有n-1条,多一条会存在回路,少一路则不能把所有顶点联通起来,如果非要在图中加上权重,则生成树

中权重最小的叫做最小生成树。

经典算法题每日演练——第十四题 Prim算法

对于上面这个带权无向图来说,它的生成树有多个,同样最小生成树也有多个,因为我们比的是权重的大小。

 

二:Prim算法

求最小生成树的算法有很多,常用的是Prim算法和Kruskal算法,为了保证单一职责,我把Kruskal算法放到下一篇,那么Prim算法的思想

是什么呢?很简单,贪心思想。

如上图:现有集合M={A,B,C,D,E,F},再设集合N={}。

第一步:挑选任意节点(比如A),将其加入到N集合,同时剔除M集合的A。

第二步:寻找A节点权值最小的邻节点(比如F),然后将F加入到N集合,此时N={A,F},同时剔除M集合中的F。

第三步:寻找{A,F}中的权值最小的邻节点(比如E),然后将E加入到N集合,此时N={A,F,E},同时剔除M集合的E。

。。。

最后M集合为{}时,生成树就构建完毕了,是不是非常的简单,这种贪心做法我想大家都能想得到,如果算法配合一个好的数据结构,就会

如虎添翼。

 

三:代码

1. 图的存储

  图的存储有很多方式,邻接矩阵,邻接表,十字链表等等,当然都有自己的适合场景,下面用邻接矩阵来玩玩,邻接矩阵需要采用两个数组,

①. 保存顶点信息的一维数组,

②. 保存边信息的二维数组。

public class Graph
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// 顶点个数
            /// </summary>
            public char[] vertexs;

            /// <summary>
            /// 边的条数
            /// </summary>
            public int[,] edges;

            /// <summary>
            /// 顶点个数
            /// </summary>
            public int vertexsNum;

            /// <summary>
            /// 边的个数
            /// </summary>
            public int edgesNum;
        }

 

 2:矩阵构建

 矩阵构建很简单,这里把上图中的顶点和权的信息保存在矩阵中。

#region 矩阵的构建
        /// <summary>
        /// 矩阵的构建
        /// </summary>
        public void Build()
        {
            //顶点数
            graph.vertexsNum = 6;

            //边数
            graph.edgesNum = 8;

            graph.vertexs = new char[graph.vertexsNum];

            graph.edges = new int[graph.vertexsNum, graph.vertexsNum];

            //构建二维数组
            for (int i = 0; i < graph.vertexsNum; i++)
            {
                //顶点
                graph.vertexs[i] = (char)(i + 65);

                for (int j = 0; j < graph.vertexsNum; j++)
                {
                    graph.edges[i, j] = int.MaxValue;
                }
            }

            graph.edges[0, 1] = graph.edges[1, 0] = 80;
            graph.edges[0, 3] = graph.edges[3, 0] = 100;
            graph.edges[0, 5] = graph.edges[5, 0] = 20;
            graph.edges[1, 2] = graph.edges[2, 1] = 90;
            graph.edges[2, 5] = graph.edges[5, 2] = 70;
            graph.edges[3, 2] = graph.edges[2, 3] = 100;
            graph.edges[4, 5] = graph.edges[5, 4] = 40;
            graph.edges[3, 4] = graph.edges[4, 3] = 60;
            graph.edges[2, 3] = graph.edges[3, 2] = 10;
        }
        #endregion

 

3:Prim

要玩Prim,我们需要两个字典。

①:保存当前节点的字典,其中包含该节点的起始边和终边以及权值,用weight=-1来记录当前节点已经访问过,用weight=int.MaxValue表示

      两节点没有边。

②:输出节点的字典,存放的就是我们的N集合。

当然这个复杂度玩高了,为O(N2),寻找N集合的邻边最小权值时,我们可以玩玩AVL或者优先队列来降低复杂度。

#region prim算法
        /// <summary>
        /// prim算法
        /// </summary>
        public Dictionary<char, Edge> Prim()
        {
            Dictionary<char, Edge> dic = new Dictionary<char, Edge>();

            //统计结果
            Dictionary<char, Edge> outputDic = new Dictionary<char, Edge>();

            //weight=MaxValue:标识没有边
            for (int i = 0; i < graph.vertexsNum; i++)
            {
                //起始边
                var startEdge = (char)(i + 65);

                dic.Add(startEdge, new Edge() { weight = int.MaxValue });
            }

            //取字符的开始位置
            var index = 65;

            //取当前要使用的字符
            var start = (char)(index);

            for (int i = 0; i < graph.vertexsNum; i++)
            {
                //标记开始边已使用过
                dic[start].weight = -1;

                for (int j = 1; j < graph.vertexsNum; j++)
                {
                    //获取当前 c 的 邻边
                    var end = (char)(j + index);

                    //取当前字符的权重
                    var weight = graph.edges[(int)(start) - index, j];

                    if (weight < dic[end].weight)
                    {
                        dic[end] = new Edge()
                        {
                            weight = weight,
                            startEdge = start,
                            endEdge = end
                        };
                    }
                }

                var min = int.MaxValue;

                char minkey = ' ';

                foreach (var key in dic.Keys)
                {
                    //取当前 最小的 key(使用过的除外)
                    if (min > dic[key].weight && dic[key].weight != -1)
                    {
                        min = dic[key].weight;
                        minkey = key;
                    }
                }

                start = minkey;

                //边为顶点减去1
                if (outputDic.Count < graph.vertexsNum - 1 && !outputDic.ContainsKey(minkey))
                {
                    outputDic.Add(minkey, new Edge()
                    {
                        weight = dic[minkey].weight,
                        startEdge = dic[minkey].startEdge,
                        endEdge = dic[minkey].endEdge
                    });
                }
            }
            return outputDic;
        }
        #endregion

 

4:最后我们来测试一下,看看找出的最小生成树。

public static void Main()
        {
            MatrixGraph martix = new MatrixGraph();

            martix.Build();

            var dic = martix.Prim();

            Console.WriteLine("最小生成树为:");

            foreach (var key in dic.Keys)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("({0},{1})({2})", dic[key].startEdge, dic[key].endEdge, dic[key].weight);
            }

            Console.Read();
        }

经典算法题每日演练——第十四题 Prim算法
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Threading;
using System.IO;
using SupportCenter.Test.ServiceReference2;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ConsoleApplication2
{
    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            MatrixGraph martix = new MatrixGraph();

            martix.Build();

            var dic = martix.Prim();

            Console.WriteLine("最小生成树为:");

            foreach (var key in dic.Keys)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("({0},{1})({2})", dic[key].startEdge, dic[key].endEdge, dic[key].weight);
            }

            Console.Read();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 定义矩阵节点
    /// </summary>
    public class MatrixGraph
    {
        Graph graph = new Graph();

        public class Graph
        {
            /// <summary>
            /// 顶点个数
            /// </summary>
            public char[] vertexs;

            /// <summary>
            /// 边的条数
            /// </summary>
            public int[,] edges;

            /// <summary>
            /// 顶点个数
            /// </summary>
            public int vertexsNum;

            /// <summary>
            /// 边的个数
            /// </summary>
            public int edgesNum;
        }

        #region 矩阵的构建
        /// <summary>
        /// 矩阵的构建
        /// </summary>
        public void Build()
        {
            //顶点数
            graph.vertexsNum = 6;

            //边数
            graph.edgesNum = 8;

            graph.vertexs = new char[graph.vertexsNum];

            graph.edges = new int[graph.vertexsNum, graph.vertexsNum];

            //构建二维数组
            for (int i = 0; i < graph.vertexsNum; i++)
            {
                //顶点
                graph.vertexs[i] = (char)(i + 65);

                for (int j = 0; j < graph.vertexsNum; j++)
                {
                    graph.edges[i, j] = int.MaxValue;
                }
            }

            graph.edges[0, 1] = graph.edges[1, 0] = 80;
            graph.edges[0, 3] = graph.edges[3, 0] = 100;
            graph.edges[0, 5] = graph.edges[5, 0] = 20;
            graph.edges[1, 2] = graph.edges[2, 1] = 90;
            graph.edges[2, 5] = graph.edges[5, 2] = 70;
            graph.edges[3, 2] = graph.edges[2, 3] = 100;
            graph.edges[4, 5] = graph.edges[5, 4] = 40;
            graph.edges[3, 4] = graph.edges[4, 3] = 60;
            graph.edges[2, 3] = graph.edges[3, 2] = 10;
        }
        #endregion

        #region 边的信息
        /// <summary>
        /// 边的信息
        /// </summary>
        public class Edge
        {
            //开始边
            public char startEdge;

            //结束边
            public char endEdge;

            //权重
            public int weight;
        }
        #endregion

        #region prim算法
        /// <summary>
        /// prim算法
        /// </summary>
        public Dictionary<char, Edge> Prim()
        {
            Dictionary<char, Edge> dic = new Dictionary<char, Edge>();

            //统计结果
            Dictionary<char, Edge> outputDic = new Dictionary<char, Edge>();

            //weight=MaxValue:标识没有边
            for (int i = 0; i < graph.vertexsNum; i++)
            {
                //起始边
                var startEdge = (char)(i + 65);

                dic.Add(startEdge, new Edge() { weight = int.MaxValue });
            }

            //取字符的开始位置
            var index = 65;

            //取当前要使用的字符
            var start = (char)(index);

            for (int i = 0; i < graph.vertexsNum; i++)
            {
                //标记开始边已使用过
                dic[start].weight = -1;

                for (int j = 1; j < graph.vertexsNum; j++)
                {
                    //获取当前 c 的 邻边
                    var end = (char)(j + index);

                    //取当前字符的权重
                    var weight = graph.edges[(int)(start) - index, j];

                    if (weight < dic[end].weight)
                    {
                        dic[end] = new Edge()
                        {
                            weight = weight,
                            startEdge = start,
                            endEdge = end
                        };
                    }
                }

                var min = int.MaxValue;

                char minkey = ' ';

                foreach (var key in dic.Keys)
                {
                    //取当前 最小的 key(使用过的除外)
                    if (min > dic[key].weight && dic[key].weight != -1)
                    {
                        min = dic[key].weight;
                        minkey = key;
                    }
                }

                start = minkey;

                //边为顶点减去1
                if (outputDic.Count < graph.vertexsNum - 1 && !outputDic.ContainsKey(minkey))
                {
                    outputDic.Add(minkey, new Edge()
                    {
                        weight = dic[minkey].weight,
                        startEdge = dic[minkey].startEdge,
                        endEdge = dic[minkey].endEdge
                    });
                }
            }
            return outputDic;
        }
        #endregion
    }
}

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