摘要#
构造一颗二叉排序树(也叫二叉搜索树,BST,Binary Search Tree)十分简单。一般来讲,大于根节点的放在根节点的右子树上,小于根节点的放在根节点的左子树上(如果等于根节点,则可视情况而定),如果写程序的话,可以采用递归的方式,而且由于不存在重叠子问题的情况,因此递归的性能已经足够好(不考虑栈溢出的情况)。
二叉排序树在通常情况下可以达到O(lgN)的静态、动态操作的时间复杂度,但是存在一种特殊情况,即输入的数据本身就是有序的,这时二叉排序树退化成向量。
下面我们系统归纳一下二叉树的特性,以及相关操作及其代码实现。
二叉排序树#
简称BST,也称为二叉查找树。其或是一棵空树,或是一棵具有下列特性的非空二叉树:
1)若左子树非空,则左子树上所有结点关键字值均小于根结点的关键字值。
2)若右子树非空,则右子树上所有结点关键字值均大于根结点的关键字值。
3)左、右子树本身也分别是一棵二叉排序树。
其是一个递归的数据结构。
左子树结点值 < 根结点值 < 右子树结点值
对其进行中序遍历可以得到一个递增的有序序列。
图1. 二叉排序树示例图
CRUD操作#
Create-构造二叉排序树#
构造一棵二叉排序树就是依次输入数据元素,并将它们插入到二叉树中的适当位置上的过程。
具体过程:
1)每读入一个元素,就建立一个新节点。
2)若二叉排序树非空,则将新结点的值与根结点的值比较。如果小于根结点的值,则插入到左子树中,否则插入到右子树中。
3)若二叉排序树为空,则新结点作为二叉树的根结点。
Copy
void Create_BST(BiTree &T, KeyType str[], int n) { //用关键字数组str[]建立一个二叉排序树 T = NULL; //初始时bt为空树 int i = 0; while(i < n) { //依次将每个元素插入 BST_Insert(T, str[i]); i++; } }
Retrieve-查找二叉排序树的某结点#
二叉排序树的查找是从根结点开始,沿某一分支逐层向下进行比较的一个递归的过程。
具体查找过程是:
1)若二叉树非空,将给定值与根结点的关键字比较,若相等,则查找成功;
2)若不等,则当根结点的关键字大于给定关键字值k时,在根结点的左子树中查找;
3)当根结点的关键字小于给定关键字值k时,在根结点的右子树中查找。
二叉排序树的非递归查找算法:
Copy
BSTNode *BST_Search(BiTree T,ElemTypr key,BSTNode *&p) { //查找函数返回值指向关键字值为key的结点指针,若不存在,返回NULL p = NULL; //p指向被查找结点的双亲,用于插入和删除操作中 while(T != NULL && key != T->data) { p = T; if(key < T->data) { T = T->lchild; } else { T = T->rchild; } return T; } }
Update-插入结点到二叉排序树中#
二叉排序树作为一种动态集合,其特点是树的结构通常不是一次生成的,而是在查找过程中,当树中不存在关键字等于给定值的结点时再进行插入。
由于二叉排序树是递归定义的,其插入结点的过程是:
1)若原二叉树为空,则直接插入结点;
2)否则,若关键字k小于根结点关键字,则插入到左子树中;
3)若关键字k大于根结点关键字,则插入到右子树中。
Copy
int BST_Insert(BiTree &T, KeyType k) { //在二叉=排序树T中插入一个关键字为k的结点 if(T == NULL) { T = (BiTree)malloc(sizeof(BSTNode)); T->key = k; T->lchild = T->rchild = NULL; return 1; //返回1,表示成功 } else if(k == T-> key) { //树中存在相同关键字的结点 return 0; } else if(k < T->key) { //插入到T的左子树中 return BST_Insert(T->lchild, k); } else { return BST_Insert(T->rchild, k); } }
由此可见,插入的新结点一定是某个叶结点。下图是向二叉树插入结点28的过程,其中虚线表示查找路径。
图2. 向二叉排序树插入结点28
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Delete-删除二叉树的结点#
在二叉排序树中删除一个结点时,不能把以该结点为根的子树上的结点都删除,必须把被删除结点从存储二叉排序树的链表上摘下,将因删除结点而断开的二叉链表重新链接起来,同时确保二叉排序树的性质不会丢失。
删除操作的实现过程按3种情况来处理:
1)如果被删除结点z是叶结点,则直接删除,不会破坏二叉排序树的性质。
2)若结点z只有一棵左子树或右子树,则让z的子树成为z父结点的子树,替代z的位置。
3)若结点z有左、右两棵子树,则令z的直接后继【中序第一个子女】(或直接前驱)替代z,然后从二叉排序树中删去这个直接后继【中序第一个子女】(或直接前驱),这样就转换成了第一或第二种情况。
图3. 3种情况下的删除过程
参考#
[1] miao_zheng. 二叉排序树、平衡二叉树、B树&B+树、红黑树的设计动机、缺陷与应用场景[OL]. cnblogs, 2018-02-28/2020-06-20
[2] 王道论坛. 2019年数据结构考研复习指导[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2018:153-155.