不同方法推导Gamma分布可加性产生的矛盾
Gamma分布的概率密度函数表示如下:
\[X \backsim G(\alpha,\beta): f(x)=\frac{\beta^\alpha}{\Gamma(\alpha)}x^{\alpha-1}e^{-\beta x}
\]
其对应的矩母函数为
\[{\rm M}_x(t)=(1-\beta t)^{-\alpha}
\]
显然,若\(X_1 \backsim G(\alpha_1,\beta),X_2 \backsim G(\alpha_2,\beta)\),则\({\rm M}_{x_1}(t)=(1-\beta t)^{-\alpha_1},{\rm M}_{x_2}(t)=(1-\beta t)^{-\alpha_2}\),所以\({\rm M}_{x_1}(t){\rm M}_{x_2}(t)=(1-\beta t)^{-(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)}\),所以\(X_1+X_2 \backsim G(\alpha_1+\alpha_2,\beta)\),这即为Gamma分布的可加性原则。
从矩母函数的角度出发,Gamma分布可加性原则是显而易见的。然而,本人在利用其它方法推导这一性质时,却出现了矛盾,一时难以发现端倪。现将推导过程展示如下(针对\(\alpha_1,\alpha_2\)为大于等于1的整数的情况):
由概率论的知识我们知道,两个随机变量的和的概率密度函数是各自概率密度函数的卷积,因此若\(X=X_1+X_2\),则
\[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
f_x(x)&=f_{x_1}(x)*f_{x_2}(x)=\int_0^x f_{x_1}(y)f_{x_2}(x-y)dy\ &=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}\int_0^x y^{\alpha_1-1}e^{-\beta y} (x-y)^{\alpha_2-1}e^{-\beta(x-y)}dy\ &=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}e^{-\beta x}\int_0^x y^{\alpha_1-1} (x-y)^{\alpha_2-1}dy
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}\tag{1}
\]
针对(1)中最后一个等式的计算,采用不同方法出现了不同的结果:
方法1:用二项展开可以得到\((x-y)^{\alpha_2-1}=\sum_{i=0}^{\alpha_2-1} (-1)^{\alpha_2-1-i}\begin{pmatrix}\alpha_2-1\\i\end{pmatrix}x^i y^{\alpha_2-1-i}\),将其代入(1)中可以得到
\[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
f_x(x)&=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}e^{-\beta x}\sum_{i=0}^{\alpha_2-1}(-1)^{\alpha_2-1-i}\begin{pmatrix}\alpha_2-1\\i \end{pmatrix}x^i \int_0^x y^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2-i-2}dy\ &=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}[\sum_{i=0}^{\alpha_2-1}(-1)^{\alpha_2-1-i}\begin{pmatrix}\alpha_2-1\\i \end{pmatrix}/(\alpha_1+\alpha_2-i-1)]x^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2-1}e^{-\beta x}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}\tag{2}
\]
显然,要想使命题得证,需要有\([\sum_{i=0}^{\alpha_2-1}(-1)^{\alpha_2-1-i}\begin{pmatrix}\alpha_2-1\\i \end{pmatrix}/(\alpha_1+\alpha_2-i-1)]=\frac{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}{\Gamma(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)}=\Beta(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)\),(其中\(B(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)\)表示beta函数)但是这个等式似乎并不成立(可以简单地用数值验证)。因此利用上述方法无法使命题得证。
方法2:令\(y=tx\),将(1)转化为对\(t\)的积分,可以得到
\[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
f_x(x)&=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}[\int_0^1 t^{\alpha_1-1}(1-t)^{\alpha_2-1}dt]x^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2-1}e^{-\beta x}\ &=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1)\Gamma(\alpha_2)}\Beta(\alpha_1,\alpha_2)x^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2-1}e^{-\beta x}\ &=\frac{\beta^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2}}{\Gamma(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)}x^{\alpha_1+\alpha_2-1}e^{-\beta x}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}\tag{3}
\]
显然,命题得证。
暂时没发现为什么方法1没有能够使命题得证!!!
不同方法推导Gamma分布可加性产生的矛盾