标签
PostgreSQL , Greenplum , dblink
背景
Greenplum在许多企业中被用于数据仓库，一个企业中通常会有统一的用户管理系统，账务系统；还有许多业务线。
数据被分成两类，一类是业务相关的，一类是全公司统一的数据。
如果用户将两个部分数据分别存入不同的数据库（单个实例可以创建多个数据库），并且公共数据需要与业务数据JOIN时，你可能会想到dblink这个功能，通过DBLINK管理其他数据库然后和本地数据进行JOIN。
如果你对实例和数据库的概念不太理解，可以参考一下这篇文档。
那么到底dblink是否适合这个场景呢？
部署dblink on Greenplum
Greenplum默认并没有打包dblink，所以需要部署一下。
下载与greenplum base postgresql 一致的postgresql源码
例如现在greenplum base postgresql是8.3的版本。
cd postgresql-8.3/contrib/dblink/
vi Makefile
PG_CPPFLAGS = -I$(libpq_srcdir) -w
export PATH=/home/gpdb/bin:$PATH
USE_PGXS=1 make
USE_PGXS=1 make install
将dblink.so拷贝到所有节点的gp软件目录
/bin/mkdir -p '/home/digoal/gp/lib/postgresql'
/bin/sh /home/digoal/gp/lib/postgresql/pgxs/src/makefiles/../../config/install-sh -c -m 755 dblink.so '/home/digoal/gp/lib/postgresql/dblink.so'
/bin/sh /home/digoal/gp/lib/postgresql/pgxs/src/makefiles/../../config/install-sh -c -m 644 ./uninstall_dblink.sql '/home/digoal/gp/share/postgresql/contrib'
/bin/sh /home/digoal/gp/lib/postgresql/pgxs/src/makefiles/../../config/install-sh -c -m 644 dblink.sql '/home/digoal/gp/share/postgresql/contrib'
/bin/sh /home/digoal/gp/lib/postgresql/pgxs/src/makefiles/../../config/install-sh -c -m 644 ./README.dblink '/home/digoal/gp/doc/postgresql/contrib'
测试
需要使用dblink的数据库，执行dblink.sql
psql db1 -f ./dblink.sql
创建2张测试表，注意他们的分布键，用于观察。
create table tbl(id int);
create table tbl1(c1 int,id int);
postgres=# \d tbl
Table "public.tbl"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+---------+-----------
id | integer |
Distributed by: (id)
postgres=# \d tbl1
Table "public.tbl1"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+---------+-----------
c1 | integer |
id | integer |
Distributed by: (c1)
分别插入100万测试数据
insert into tbl select generate_series(1,1000000);
insert into tbl1 select 1,generate_series(1,1000000);
测试1，原地JOIN
Redistribute Motion 3:3，表示从3个节点重分布到3个节点，说明原始数据来自3个节点。
Gather Motion 3:1，表示从3个节点汇聚到1个节点，
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from tbl join tbl1 on tbl.id=tbl1.id;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=72258.70..72258.71 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 648 ms to end, start offset by 17 ms.
-> Gather Motion 3:1 (slice2; segments: 3) (cost=72258.63..72258.68 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 3 rows at destination with 647 ms to first row, 648 ms to end, start offset by 17 ms.
-> Aggregate (cost=72258.63..72258.64 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: Avg 1.0 rows x 3 workers. Max 1 rows (seg0) with 645 ms to end, start offset by 19 ms.
-> Hash Join (cost=23619.20..69756.61 rows=333603 width=0)
Hash Cond: tbl1.id = tbl.id
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 120 ms to first row, 560 ms to end, start offset by 19 ms.
Executor memory: 7813K bytes avg, 7814K bytes max (seg2).
Work_mem used: 7813K bytes avg, 7814K bytes max (seg2). Workfile: (0 spilling, 0 reused)
(seg2) Hash chain length 1.2 avg, 2 max, using 281103 of 524341 buckets.
因为两个表的JOIN字段并不都是他们的分布键，所以其中一个表会选择按JOIN字段进行重新分布，或者广播全表。（视成本决定）
-> Redistribute Motion 3:3 (slice1; segments: 3) (cost=0.00..31125.27 rows=333603 width=4)
Hash Key: tbl1.id
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers at destination. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 0.102 ms to first row, 286 ms to end, start offset by 139 ms.
-> Seq Scan on tbl1 (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=333603 width=4)
Rows out: 1000000 rows (seg0) with 0.118 ms to first row, 191 ms to end, start offset by 21 ms.
-> Hash (cost=11109.09..11109.09 rows=333603 width=4)
Rows in: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 118 ms to end, start offset by 22 ms.
-> Seq Scan on tbl (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=333603 width=4)
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 0.027 ms to first row, 33 ms to end, start offset by 22 ms.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 163K bytes.
(slice1) Executor memory: 257K bytes avg x 3 workers, 283K bytes max (seg0).
(slice2) Executor memory: 24788K bytes avg x 3 workers, 24788K bytes max (seg0). Work_mem: 7814K bytes max.
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 668.319 ms
(28 rows)
测试2，一张表JOIN另一个DBLINK的结果
从DBLINK结果的重分布信息(1:3)，可以分析出这样的结论
1. 可以肯定的是，DBLINK并没有在每个数据节点执行，但是在哪个数据节点执行的，从计划上看不出来。
2. 由于DBLINK没有在所有节点执行，意味着，如果DBLINK返回的结果集很大的话，这个执行节点的压力会较大。
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from tbl join (select * from dblink('dbname=postgres','select * from tbl1') AS t(c1 int,id int)) t on tbl.id=t.id;
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=13691.18..13691.19 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 1673 ms to end, start offset by 7.751 ms.
-> Gather Motion 3:1 (slice2; segments: 3) (cost=13691.11..13691.17 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 3 rows at destination with 1669 ms to first row, 1673 ms to end, start offset by 7.752 ms.
-> Aggregate (cost=13691.11..13691.12 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: Avg 1.0 rows x 3 workers. Max 1 rows (seg0) with 1670 ms to end, start offset by 11 ms.
-> Hash Join (cost=65.00..13688.61 rows=334 width=0)
Hash Cond: tbl.id = t.id
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 1469 ms to first row, 1629 ms to end, start offset by 11 ms.
Executor memory: 7813K bytes avg, 7814K bytes max (seg2).
Work_mem used: 7813K bytes avg, 7814K bytes max (seg2). Workfile: (0 spilling, 0 reused)
(seg2) Hash chain length 1.6 avg, 4 max, using 205910 of 262151 buckets.
-> Seq Scan on tbl (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=333603 width=4)
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 0.039 ms to first row, 37 ms to end, start offset by 1479 ms.
-> Hash (cost=52.50..52.50 rows=334 width=4)
Rows in: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 1468 ms to end, start offset by 12 ms.
重分布信息，可以看出信息是从1个节点重分布到3个节点的。
这里没有看到Gather Motion（即数据收到master的过程），是不是可以判断dblink是在某个数据节点上被执行的？还不能。
-> Redistribute Motion 1:3 (slice1) (cost=0.00..52.50 rows=1000 width=4)
Hash Key: t.id
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers at destination. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 1068 ms to first row, 1400 ms to end, start offset by 12 ms.
dblink调用信息，这里看不出来它到底是在哪个节点调用的。也不知道是不是所有节点调用的。
-> Function Scan on dblink t (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=3000 width=4)
Rows out: 1000000 rows with 1066 ms to first row, 1217 ms to end, start offset by 12 ms.
Work_mem used: 8193K bytes.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 163K bytes.
(slice1) Executor memory: 41138K bytes (entry db). Work_mem: 8193K bytes max.
(slice2) Executor memory: 20767K bytes avg x 3 workers, 20767K bytes max (seg0). Work_mem: 7814K bytes max.
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 1681.166 ms
(29 rows)
测试3，自定义function 1的调用和重分布
从重分布执行计划结果看，自定义函数也只在某个节点被调用。
create or replace function f() returns setof int as $$
select generate_series(1,100000);
$$ language sql strict;
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from tbl join (select * from f() as t(id)) t on tbl.id=t.id;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=13691.18..13691.19 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 276 ms to end, start offset by 8.441 ms.
-> Gather Motion 3:1 (slice2; segments: 3) (cost=13691.11..13691.17 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 3 rows at destination with 269 ms to first row, 276 ms to end, start offset by 8.442 ms.
-> Aggregate (cost=13691.11..13691.12 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: Avg 1.0 rows x 3 workers. Max 1 rows (seg0) with 273 ms to end, start offset by 11 ms.
-> Hash Join (cost=65.00..13688.61 rows=334 width=0)
Hash Cond: tbl.id = t.id
Rows out: Avg 33333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 33348 rows (seg0) with 177 ms to first row, 269 ms to end, start offset by 11 ms.
Executor memory: 782K bytes avg, 782K bytes max (seg0).
Work_mem used: 782K bytes avg, 782K bytes max (seg0). Workfile: (0 spilling, 0 reused)
(seg0) Hash chain length 1.0 avg, 1 max, using 33348 of 262151 buckets.
-> Seq Scan on tbl (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=333603 width=4)
Rows out: Avg 333333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 333385 rows (seg2) with 0.027 ms to first row, 31 ms to end, start offset by 188 ms.
-> Hash (cost=52.50..52.50 rows=334 width=4)
Rows in: Avg 33333.3 rows x 3 workers. Max 33348 rows (seg0) with 175 ms to end, start offset by 13 ms.
从一个节点重新分布到3个节点
-> Redistribute Motion 1:3 (slice1) (cost=0.00..52.50 rows=1000 width=4)
Hash Key: t.id
Rows out: Avg 33333.3 rows x 3 workers at destination. Max 33348 rows (seg0) with 92 ms to first row, 167 ms to end, start offset by 13 ms.
函数在某个节点被调用
-> Function Scan on f t (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=3000 width=4)
Rows out: 100000 rows with 93 ms to first row, 101 ms to end, start offset by 12 ms.
Work_mem used: 1025K bytes.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 163K bytes.
(slice1) Executor memory: 5313K bytes (entry db). Work_mem: 1025K bytes max.
(slice2) Executor memory: 6431K bytes avg x 3 workers, 6431K bytes max (seg0). Work_mem: 782K bytes max.
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 284.298 ms
(29 rows)
测试4，自定义function 2的调用和重分布
某些情况会报错，例如： 当函数中有访问到数据库表，并且需要与其他表进行JOIN时。
postgres=# create or replace function f() returns setof int as $$
select id from tbl1;
$$ language sql strict;
CREATE FUNCTION
postgres=# \set VERBOSITY verbose
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from tbl join (select * from f() as t(id)) t on tbl.id=t.id;
NOTICE: XX000: function cannot execute on segment because it accesses relation "public.tbl1" (functions.c:155) (entry db r10k04474.sqa.zmf:29999 pid=53723) (cdbdisp.c:1326)
DETAIL: SQL function "f" during startup
LOCATION: cdbdisp_finishCommand, cdbdisp.c:1326
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from f();
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=20.00..20.01 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 1383 ms to end, start offset by 0.071 ms.
-> Function Scan on f (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=3000 width=0)
Rows out: 1000000 rows with 1186 ms to first row, 1275 ms to end, start offset by 0.072 ms.
Work_mem used: 8193K bytes.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 33064K bytes. Work_mem: 8193K bytes max.
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 1383.044 ms
(10 rows)
测试5，单独调用dblink和自定义函数
从执行计划可以看出，没有Gather motion节点，说明dblink函数和自定义函数就是在master节点执行的。
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from dblink('dbname=postgres','select * from tbl1') as t(c1 int,id int);
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 注意这里没有Gather Motion节点，那说明dblink函数就是在master执行的
Aggregate (cost=20.00..20.01 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 1306 ms to end, start offset by 0.074 ms.
-> Function Scan on dblink t (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=3000 width=0)
Rows out: 1000000 rows with 1099 ms to first row, 1195 ms to end, start offset by 0.075 ms.
Work_mem used: 8193K bytes.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 41029K bytes. Work_mem: 8193K bytes max.
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 1306.167 ms
(10 rows)
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from f() as t(id);
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 注意这里没有Gather Motion节点，那说明f()函数就是在master执行的
Aggregate (cost=20.00..20.01 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 826 ms to end, start offset by 0.072 ms.
-> Function Scan on f t (cost=0.00..12.50 rows=3000 width=0)
Rows out: 1000000 rows with 627 ms to first row, 718 ms to end, start offset by 0.072 ms.
Work_mem used: 8193K bytes.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 33064K bytes. Work_mem: 8193K bytes max.
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 825.970 ms
(10 rows)
如果在数据节点执行，应该有Gather motion节点，例如
postgres=# explain analyze select * from tbl1;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 数据从3个数据节点收到MASTER节点
Gather Motion 3:1 (slice1; segments: 3) (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=1000809 width=8)
Rows out: 1000000 rows at destination with 3.191 ms to first row, 335 ms to end, start offset by 0.284 ms.
-> Seq Scan on tbl1 (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=333603 width=8)
Rows out: 1000000 rows (seg0) with 0.032 ms to first row, 96 ms to end, start offset by 3.223 ms.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 235K bytes.
(slice1) Executor memory: 139K bytes avg x 3 workers, 155K bytes max (seg0).
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 415.013 ms
(10 rows)
两阶段聚合的例子
postgres=# explain analyze select count(*) from tbl1;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- master节点的聚合操作
Aggregate (cost=13611.18..13611.19 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 1 rows with 360 ms to end, start offset by 0.349 ms.
-- 数据从3个数据节点收到MASTER节点
-> Gather Motion 3:1 (slice1; segments: 3) (cost=13611.11..13611.17 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: 3 rows at destination with 3.013 ms to first row, 360 ms to end, start offset by 0.350 ms.
-- 数据节点的聚合操作
-> Aggregate (cost=13611.11..13611.12 rows=1 width=8)
Rows out: Avg 1.0 rows x 3 workers. Max 1 rows (seg0) with 356 ms to end, start offset by 4.229 ms.
-> Seq Scan on tbl1 (cost=0.00..11109.09 rows=333603 width=0)
Rows out: 1000000 rows (seg0) with 0.028 ms to first row, 244 ms to end, start offset by 4.230 ms.
Slice statistics:
(slice0) Executor memory: 159K bytes.
(slice1) Executor memory: 163K bytes avg x 3 workers, 163K bytes max (seg0).
Statement statistics:
Memory used: 128000K bytes
Total runtime: 360.824 ms
(14 rows)
分布式数据库两阶段聚合的原理请参考
《Postgres-XC customized aggregate introduction》
《Greenplum 最佳实践 - 估值插件hll的使用(以及hll分式聚合函数优化)》
Greenplum dblink 弊端
目前dblink与普通的用户自定义函数类似，并没有和Greenplum的MPP架构进行适配，它们会在master节点被调用，如果dblink返回的结果集较大，master很容易成为瓶颈。
如果需要使用dblink与其他表进行JOIN，流程是这样的。
1. 首先会在master调用dblink，
2. dblink执行的结果集会收到master节点
3. master节点将结果集重分布到数据节点，
4. 然后再与其他表进行JOIN。（好在JOIN并不会在master节点执行。）
当然，我们不排除gpdb社区未来会改造dblink，来适配MPP的架构。但是至少目前还存在以上弊端，(除非dblink返回的结果集很小，否则请谨慎使用）。
建议的方案
1. 建议数据放到一个数据库中，使用不同的schema来区分不同的业务数据或公共数据。这样的话在同一个数据库中就可以任意的JOIN了，对master无伤害。
2. 如果不同业务一定要使用多个数据库，那么建议使用外部表作为公共表，这样做也不会伤害MASTER，并且每个节点都可以并行的访问外部表的数据。
例如gpfdist外部表，阿里云HybridDB的OSS外部表等。
外部表一旦写入，就不可修改，如果公共数据经常变化，或者定期需要更新，（例如某些账务系统，每天或定期会将用户信息更新到Greenplum中）那么建议使用一个字段来标示最新数据，同时低频率的增量合并外部表。
例如
2.1. 只写 tbl_foreign_table_news(id int, xxx, xxx 最后更新时间)。
2.2. 低频率的truncate tbl_foreign_table_origin，然后将tbl_foreign_table_news合并到 tbl_foreign_table_origin。
2.3. 用户查询tbl_foreign_table_origin即为公共数据。
3. 如果dblink获取的结果集较小，那么使用dblink作为临时的方案，来实现实例内跨库数据JOIN是没有太大问题的。
