题型说明及示例

1. 词汇
   Living in the city has taught me to appreciate the differences between people.
   A. to understand the nature, worth, quality or importance of something
   B. to admire something or someone
   C. to be grateful for something
2. 判断正误
   1） It is not necessary to describe the pre-experiment handling and care of the subjects.
   2）Figures and tables are numbered independently and in the order in which they are referred
   to in the texts, starting with Fig. 1 and Table 1.
3. 阅读理解（略）
4. 段落翻译（略）
5. 写作（略）

问题

论文每个部分的时态

1）Introduction

研究背景：社会大背景：现在时
研究趋势或对目前研究的影响：现在完成时
研究现状：总体研究现状：现在完成时
强调研究信息，现在时
一系列研究的总结：现在完成时
某项突出作者的研究（往往此研究与本研究密切）：过去时

研究空白(gap)：现在时或现在完成时
研究目标：过去时（was to do）, 情态动词（could do）

reporting verbs：一般情况下现在时（引用一般为3-5 年内）
当研究结果来自较久远的研究时，过去时
当引用和本研究关系密切且突出作者时，过去时
过去的具体研究：过去时

态度不确定：情态动词

2）Material & Method

描述样本：过去时
描述采样范围：现在时
传统常用材料：现在时
本研究中特别设计或者改良过的材料：过去时
研究过程：过去时

3）Results

location+summary：现在时
呈现研究发现：过去时（工程学和经济学多用现在时）
对结果的评论：进行对比：现在时
可能的解释：情态动词，如can、may 等
普适解释：情态动词may

4）Discussion / Conclusion

复述研究目标或假设：过去时、现在完成时
复述研究主要发现：过去时（本研究或过去某研究，不具备普适性）
现在时（已被证实具备普适性的发现）
阐释结果：主句现在时，从句过去时或现在时
结果的普适意义：现在时
局限性：过去时或现在时（方法或模型的局限性）
日后研究的建议：现在时；may/might/could/should

hedging (模糊语)

Introduction 部分

模糊语一般出现在第三语步的“提出研究问题”部分。常用could+谓语动词。

Discussion部分

模糊语一般显示严谨的科研态度，以备其他研究者质疑。常用模糊语示例如下：

1）verbs: to seem, to tend, to look like, to appear to be, to think, to believe, it is
our view that, we feel that, to assume, to suggest, to estimate
2) modal auxiliary: will, would, should, may, might, could, can
3) adjectives and adverbs: ·probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably, possible,
probable, (un)likely, presumable, virtually, apparently, arguably, often, sometimes,
usually, approximately, roughly, about, occasionally, generally, somewhat,
somehow, rarely, frequently
4) nouns: to our knowledge, assumption, possibility, probability, claim, estimate,
suggestion
5) quantity: many, a number of, some, few, less, little, a lot of
6) clauses: It could be the case that…
It might be suggested that…
There is every hope that…
It may be possible to obtain…
It is important to develop…
It is useful to study…
写作data commentary时，通过引⽤数据提出观点时，也常⽤hedging。

scentence patterns

I:

Three Moves

M：

Phrasebank of Methods

• start purpose:

  • to verb ，in order to + verb

• sequence word and pharse:时间推移
  

• justifying a step:解释（如：As等）
  

• used
  

• adverbs of manner
  

1.Interduction

1.1.Three Moves & Citation

1.2.Literature Citation

style:

文献引用一般有三种形式。

• Information Prominent Citation**：一般现在时**

关注前人研究的内容。一般陈述研究内容，引注将作者和年份放在句末括号里。
如：Scientific paper writing skill is usually adopted with learning by doing and
formal training (Auvinen, 2015).

• Author Prominent Citation**：一般过去时**

关注完成研究的人。一般以作者姓放在句首做主语，其后括号标注引注年份，汇报动词（reporting verb）做谓语动词。
如：Theno et al. (1978) concluded that salt content had to be 2% or higher in order to yield acceptable sliceability. 4

• Weak Author Prominent Citation**：现在完成时**

关注一系列研究的相似结果。一般以 many researchers，many scholars 等一群人作为句子主语，谓语动词用完成时，引注将诸多作者和年份排列在句末括号里。
如：
Researchers have noted that resolving this debate hinges on understanding the relationship between yield and biodiversity, the likelihood of land being
spared, and external consequences of practices raising yield, such as agrochemical runoff (Grau et al., 2013; Green et al., 2005; Phalan et al., 2011).

1.3.reporting verbs

引用文献时，反映论文作者对所引文献态度的动词。
1）Tentative&weak：suggest, speculate, intimate, hypothesize, moot, imply, propose,
recommend, posit the view that, question the view that, postulate, posit, proffer,
conjecture, etc.
2）Neutral：describe, show, reveal, study, demonstrate, note, point out, indicate,
report, observe, assume, examine, state, mention, analyze, carry out, investigate, etc.
3）Strong：argue, claim, emphasize, contend, maintain, assert, theorize, support,
misinterpret, negate, refute, reject, challenge, strongly believe that, deny, neglect,
counter the view, make clear explanation of, etc.

1.4.plagiarism

1.5.Paraphrasing( 释义，意译)

主要步骤：

1. 判断原句的主要内容的信息点（Important points）
2. 找出这些信息点之间的关系（Relationships between the points）
3. 思考选择恰当的连词表达（Linking expressions to connect the points）
4. 进行近义词替换Possible synonyms
5. 考虑语法、句意、流畅性等Other considerations

主被动长短句

具体参见群文件关于Paraphrasing 的相关文件

According to …

直接改变引用类型：typical of three advantages…

if语句

2.Materials & Methods

2.1 Contents

2.2 Purpose

• 1.To convince the target reader and establish the validity and reliability of the Result

• 2. To describe the experiment and make it

  possible for other researchers to replicate(复制) it

2.3 Moves

Procedure是最重要的在各类文章中都有出现

2.4 Level of Detail in Methods

• condensed:浓缩
• intermediate:
• extended:精练（不要包含没有意义的信息）

2.5 Phrasebank of Methods:Scentence pattern

• start purpoose:

  • to verb ，in order to + verb

• sequence word and pharse:时间推移

  • 

• justifying a step:解释（如：As等）
  -

• used
  

• adverbs of manner
  

2.6 Tense and Voice in Methods

Past + Passive voice

3.Result

统领核心，管理全文和结构

3.1 Aim & Feature :

Present your findings

• Data:Figures & tables Written & Texts

3.2 Texts in Results

• 见写作部分
  

3.3 Data Commentary

使用文字描述信息

implications(数据背后的意义)

3.4 写作

避免过度的保留

Qualifiers

3.5 Numbers in Results

• 十以内的数字直接写英文

• 重要数据Result句子中使用准确数字
  

• 不要直接以数字开始写作
  

• 简化不重要的数据
  

3.6人员角色：

如：*官员的立场

4.Disscussion/Conclusions

4.1Things to do

specific ->General

4.2Opening of Discussion

Options for

4.3和Introduction部分的联系

• 少而精
  

4.4和Results部分的联系

• 重点是解释result而不是重述
  

differences 更加概括

4.5 Moves in discussion

• key results

4.6 make a claim —hedging

• 在怀疑和确定之间找正确观点

  见上面

5. Acknowledgements & References

5.1作用

Demonstrating the authors’ integrity
证明提交人的完整性

Estimating a researcher’s professional
评估研究人员的专业

impact beyond citations
超越引文的影响

Providing relevant information to other researcher in the same field
向同一领域的研究员提供相关信息

5.2句式

Thanks to whom for… (第一人称和第三人称)

We greatly appreciate …

5.3注意点

大学手稿和专业期刊感谢不同

• 使用集体名字、伴随机构名称
  

5.4引用

● 参考文献是

all the materials that have been consulted
（所有查阅过的材料）

6.Abstract translation and writing

6.1 focus on abstract

• key point
  

6.2组成

翻译：

6.3时态语态

B：现在时（present tense）

P：past/present perfect

M：past

R：past

C：present/tentative verbs/modal auxilliaries

时态和整体结构

6.4句式

• In this paper,

• The objective of this paper was to …

• This study examined/investigated

• The research was based on four case studies…/

  The study utilized a comparison control group design with…

• The current research demonstrated that…

  …was found to be …

6.5 要点

• 不能有缩写

• .etc，such as 、and so forth这样的句子

• You

• 不要提问

• 副词和动词一起使用

• 浓缩不必要的句式

• compare … with …and …

6.6具体流程

找准研究关系

数据评论：

1）location + summary

As shown in /Figure 2 / depicts …;
… is depicted/display/illustrate in Figure 2.

2）highlighting statements

关注典型数据:（重要区别、感兴趣的联系、最高点、最低点、整体趋势部分、能回答研究问题或支撑观点的数据）

• spot trends or regularities(规律)
  

  • fluctuate(波动)

    maximum,minimum,sharp,gradual,slight

  • 低点：reach a low point of XX in July

  • 增长 幅度：

    rise sharply/slightly to a peak of in July

    there was a small incerase in … to …

    drop in … to …

    rise from … to …

    a gradual fall

  • 保持平稳： remained strady
    

• Spin the data:separate more important results

  作者定位
  

• 数量对比语句转换

  • X percent more than

    Close to/Over twice/three times as many … as
    

• 语气

  • 弱化语气：may be , could be , seems that,

    may have contributed to ，seems/appear to

  probable/likely >50%

  possible < 50%

  might<may

  contribute to < cause

3）discussions & recommendations

• while it may be possible to … that

4)总结

• 定位表格和图片

• 强调重要发现：重要区别、趋势、感兴趣的联系(多是过去时)

• 最后评价结果：result 只是总结而不是比较