五、Mix-In混合类
昨天介绍了BaseServer和BaseRequestHandler两个基类，它们只用与派生，所以贴了它们派生的子类代码。
今天介绍两个混合类，ForkingMix-In 和 ThreadingMix-In，两者分别实现了核心的进程化和线程化的功能，如前面简介中所提，作为混合类，它们与服务器类一并使用以提供一些异步特性，Mix-in 这个类必须首先实现，因为它重写了定义UDPServer的方法。注意，它们不会被直接实例化。
5.1 ForkingMixIn
该类针对每一个监听到来的新的连接请求都会fork一个新的子进程，在子进程中完成请求处理。这里需要注意，由于windows对fork支持的不完整，所以无法在windows环境下运行该模块的forkingMixIn类，只能在linux或Mac环境中测试运行。
<span style="font-size:24px;">
class ForkingMixIn:
timeout = 300
active_children = None
max_children = 40</span>
首先定义了超时时间为300，最大的子进程数量为40个。
<span style="font-size:24px;">
<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>def collect_children(self):
"""Internal routine to wait for children that have exited."""
if self.active_children is None:
return # If we're above the max number of children, wait and reap them until
# we go back below threshold. Note that we use waitpid(-1) below to be
# able to collect children in size(<defunct children>) syscalls instead
# of size(<children>): the downside is that this might reap children
# which we didn't spawn, which is why we only resort to this when we're
# above max_children.
while len(self.active_children) >= self.max_children:
try:
pid, _ = os.waitpid(-1, 0)
self.active_children.discard(pid)
except OSError as e:
if e.errno == errno.ECHILD:
# we don't have any children, we're done
self.active_children.clear()
elif e.errno != errno.EINTR:
break # Now reap all defunct children.
for pid in self.active_children.copy():
try:
pid, _ = os.waitpid(pid, os.WNOHANG)
# if the child hasn't exited yet, pid will be 0 and ignored by
# discard() below
self.active_children.discard(pid)
except OSError as e:
if e.errno == errno.ECHILD:
# someone else reaped it
self.active_children.discard(pid)</span><span style="font-size:18px;">
</span>
collect_children()方法用于判断当前的子进程数是否超过阈值，以保证程序的稳定运行。如果当前的fork的子进程数超过阈值40，我们把主进程阻塞住，使os.waitpid(-1)，直到有子进程处理完成请求并且断开连接，等待总体的正在运行的子进程数降到阈值以下；与此同时，该方法也会通过分配出去的pid遍历所有fork的子进程，查看它们是否在正常工作，如果发现僵死进程或者不存在的子进程，主进程则会调用discard()方法将子进程占用的资源回收，以便分配给其他新到来的请求。
<span style="font-size:24px;">
<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>def process_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Fork a new subprocess to process the request."""
self.collect_children()
pid = os.fork()
if pid:
# Parent process
if self.active_children is None:
self.active_children = set()
self.active_children.add(pid)
self.close_request(request) #close handle in parent process
return
else:
# Child process.
# This must never return, hence os._exit()!
try:
self.finish_request(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
os._exit(0)
except:
try:
self.handle_error(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
finally:
os._exit(1)</span>
process_request()方法为主进程监听连接请求，一旦发现了连接请求，首先调用上面的collect_children()方法，查看set()这个资源池中的子进程数是否达到阈值，如果没有，则为新到来的请求fork一个子进程，分配一个pid放入set()资源池中，然后在子进程中处理到来的请求，注意，子进程中不能有return值，只能用os._exit()退出子进程。为了便于理解，在centos上写了个简单的server和client，当有多个连接请求时，我们 ps -ef | grep sock ，发现server端有多个子进程。如下图：
很明显，主进程fork了三个子进程处理连接请求，而我也恰好开了三个TCP的连接。此时，我们把一个客户端断开，再ps -ef | grep sock ，如下图：
此时，我们发现了僵死进程（19385）<defunct>，然而当我把断开的客户端重新启动时，就恢复了3个活跃的子进程，并且进程号增加，说明父进程在新的连接请求到来时清理了set()资源池，把僵死的子进程干掉，并为新的请求分配了新的pid，放入set()资源池中。
5.2 ThreadingMixIn
该类会针对每一个新到来的连接请求分配一个新的线程来处理，这里面有用到python的thread和threading模块，可以回忆之前的这篇文章 ：python--多线程
（中间备考隔了太长时间，自己都忘得差不多了，尴尬）
<span style="font-size:24px;">
class ThreadingMixIn:
"""Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread.""" # Decides how threads will act upon termination of the
# main process
daemon_threads = False</span>
<span style="font-size:24px;">
def process_request_thread(self, request, client_address):
"""Same as in BaseServer but as a thread. In addition, exception handling is done here. """
try:
self.finish_request(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)
except:
self.handle_error(request, client_address)
self.shutdown_request(request)</span>
<span style="font-size:24px;">
def process_request(self, request, client_address):
"""Start a new thread to process the request."""
t = threading.Thread(target = self.process_request_thread,
args = (request, client_address))
t.daemon = self.daemon_threads
t.start()</span>
六、应用举例
以上提到的所有的类，我们最好不要直接实例化，简介里面提到过，我们最好使用它们的混合来使我们的server更加简单强大，我们需要做的就是按照我们的需求重写Handle方法，然后调用以下四种方法之一就可以了：
<span style="font-size:24px;">
class ForkingUDPServer(ForkingMixIn, UDPServer): pass
class ForkingTCPServer(ForkingMixIn, TCPServer): pass class ThreadingUDPServer(ThreadingMixIn, UDPServer): pass
class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass</span>
下面是服务器端调用ThreadingTCPServer类实例化的一个简单例子。供日后参考：
server端：
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
__author__ = 'webber'
import SocketServer
'''
多线程并发实现TCP连接
''' class MyTCPHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self):
while True:
try:
#self.request is the TCP socket connected to the client
self.data = self.request.recv(1024).strip()
print "{} wrote:".format(self.client_address)
#client_address[0]:客户端IP
#client_address[1]:客户端端口号
print self.data
#just send back the same data,but upper-cased
self.request.sendall(self.data.upper())
except Exception:
print 'A client has left!!!'
break if __name__ == "__main__":
HOST,PORT = "localhost",9999
# 把类实例化,把自己写的类绑定到ThreadingTCPServer上
server = SocketServer.ForkingTCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) # Activate the server; this will keep running until you
# interrupt the program with Ctrl-C
'''
Handle one request at a time until shutdown. Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
another thread.
'''
print 'waiting for connection........ '
server.serve_forever()
客户端：
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
__author__ = 'webber'
import socket HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 9999
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((HOST, PORT)) try:
while True:
msg = raw_input(">>>:").strip()
if len(msg) is None:
continue
s.sendall(msg)
data = s.recv(1024)
print "Received: ",data
s.close()
except socket.error,e:
print "server disconnected!!!", e