总结一下爬虫学习中的实例实战 

1.金山翻译

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests

# 获取翻译包的url,需要去掉多余的保护壳:
# https://ifanyi.iciba.com/index.php?c=trans&m=fy&client=6&auth_user=key_web_new_fanyi&sign=9X%2BHAviAKqteMMuVvr%2B0X9RriqVIAJSQ%2BxmfU0q7dIE%3D
url = 'https://ifanyi.iciba.com/index.php?c=trans'
# 构建请求头
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.110 Safari/537.36',
    'Referer': 'https://www.iciba.com/',
    'Host': 'ifanyi.iciba.com'
}
while True:
    # 实现用户输入的功能
    content = input('请输入您想翻译的内容（输入"exit"结束程序）：')
    # 检查是否需要退出
    if content.lower() == 'exit':
        break

    # 构建参数字典
    post_data = {
        'from': 'auto',
        'to': 'auto',
        'q': content,
    }
    # 发送请求
    res = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=post_data)
    res_1 = res.content.decode()
    # 输出翻译结果
    print(eval(res_1)['out'])

2.github模拟登录

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re

# 1.获取并模拟登录操作 2.保存登录会话信息 3.验证是否登录成功
import requests
from requests import Session

def do_auth_token(session: Session):
    global response
    response = session.get('https://github.com/login')
    if response.status_code != 200:
        print("请求失败，请稍后再试！")
        exit(0)
    login_html = response.content.decode()
    auth_token = re.findall(r'name="authenticity_token" value="(.*?)"', login_html)[0]
    return auth_token


def do_auth_login(session: Session):
    post_data = {
        "commit": "Sign in",
        "authenticity_token": auth_token,
        "login": "2834438515@qq.com",
        "password": "991016csq",  # 登录密码，为了个人账号安全我这里不是真实密码
        "webauthn-conditional": "undefined",
        "javascript-support": "true",
        "webauthn-support": "supported",
        "webauthn-iuvpaa-support": "unsupported",
        "return_to": "https://github.com/login"
    }
    response = session.post(url='https://github.com/session', data=post_data)
    if response.status_code != 200:
        print("请求失败，请检查参数！")
    else:
        print("请求session 成功！")


def do_login_status(session: Session):
    response = session.get('https://github.com/csqting')
    html_content = response.content
    response1 = re.findall(r'<title>(.+?)(GitHub)?</title>', html_content.decode('utf-8'))
    try:
        end_str = response1[0][1]
    except IndexError:
        end_str = ""

    if end_str == "":
        # 个人主页的title内容如果结尾没有GitHub，说明登录成功
        print("登录成功！")
    else:
        print("登录失败！")

    with open("github_profile.html", "wb") as f:
        f.write(html_content)



if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 使用session进行状态保持
    session = requests.session()
    session.headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/128.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
    }
    # 1. 获取并模拟登录操作
    auth_token = do_auth_token(session)
    # 2. 保存登录会话信息
    do_auth_login(session)
    # 3. 验证是否登录成功
    do_login_status(session)

3.百度贴吧爬取

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
from lxml import etree


# url
# headers
# 发送请求获取响应
# 从响应中提取数据
# 判断结束
class Tieba(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.url = "https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw={}".format(name)
        print(self.url)
        self.headers = {
            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/128.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
            # "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; T132461)"

        }

    def get_data(self, url):
        response = requests.get(url, headers=self.headers)
        with open("temp.html", "wb") as f:
            f.write(response.content)
        return response.content

    def parse_data(self, data):
        # 创建element对象
        data = data.decode().replace("<!--", "").replace("-->", "")
        html = etree.HTML(data)
        el_list = html.xpath('//*[@id="thread_list"]/li/div/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/a')
        # print(len(el_list))

        data_list = []
        for el in el_list:
            temp = {}
            temp['title'] = el.xpath('./text()')[0]
            temp['link'] = 'https://tieba.baidu.com' + el.xpath('./@href')[0]
            data_list.append(temp)

        # 获取下一页url
        try:
            next_url = 'https:' + html.xpath('//a[contains(text(),"下一页>")]/@href')[0]
        except:
            next_url = None

        return data_list, next_url

    def save_data(self, data_list):
        for data in data_list:
            print(data)

    def run(self):

        next_url = self.url
        while True:
            # 发送请求获取响应
            data = self.get_data(next_url)
            # 从响应中提取数据，数据和翻页用的url
            data_list, next_url = self.parse_data(data)
            self.save_data(data_list)
            print(next_url)
            # 判断是否结束
            if next_url == None:
                break


if __name__ == '__main__':
    tieba = Tieba("美食天下")
    tieba.run()

4.斗鱼直播

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import time

class Douyu(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.url = 'https://www.douyu.com/directory/all'
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(10)  # 设置隐式等待，最大等待10秒

    def parse_data(self):
        room_list = self.driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="listAll"]/section[2]/div[2]/ul/li/div')
        print(len(room_list))
        data_list = []

        # 遍历房间列表，从每一个房间节点获取数据
        for room in room_list:
            temp = {}
            # temp['title'] = room.find_element(By.XPATH, './div[2]/div[1]/a').text
            # temp['type'] = room.find_element(By.XPATH, './div[2]/div[2]/span/a').text
            # temp['owner'] = room.find_element(By.XPATH, './div[1]/div/a/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div').text
            # temp['num'] = room.find_element(By.XPATH, './div[1]/div/a/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/span').text
            temp['picture'] = room.find_element(By.XPATH, './div[1]/picture/source[1]').get_attribute('srcset')
            # print(temp)
            data_list.append(temp)
        return data_list


    def run(self):
        self.driver.get(self.url)
        total_rooms = 0
        last_count = 0  # 上一次获取的房间数量
        while True:
            # 滚动到页面底部
            self.driver.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);')
            time.sleep(2)  # 等待页面加载新内容

            # 获取当前房间数据
            new_data = self.parse_data()
            total_rooms += len(new_data)
            print(f"Total rooms : {total_rooms}")

            # 检查当前房间数量
            if total_rooms == last_count:  # 如果新加载的房间数量没有增加，停止滚动
                print("No more new data to load.")
                break
            last_count = total_rooms  # 更新最后一次的房间数量

        print(f"Final total rooms fetched: {total_rooms}")
        self.driver.quit()  # 退出浏览器


if __name__ == '__main__':
    douyu = Douyu()
    douyu.run()

5.黑马贴吧

import requests
import re


def fetch_page(url):
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/129.0.0.0 Safari/537.36',
    }

    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    if response.status_code == 200:
        # 使用正则表达式提取文章标题
        titles = re.findall(r'class="s xst">([^<]+)</a>', response.text)
        # 提取发布时间和作者
        details = re.findall(
            r'<span style="margin-left: 0;">([^<]+)</span></a><span style="margin-left: 5px;">@ ([^<]+)</span>',
            response.text)
        authors = [detail[0] for detail in details]
        dates = [detail[1] for detail in details]

        # 输出提取的结果
        for title, date, author in zip(titles, dates, authors):
            print(f"文章标题: {title}")
            print(f"发布时间: {date}")
            print(f"文章作者: {author}")
            print('-' * 40)

        # 使用正则表达式提取下一页的链接,search第一次出现
        next_page_link = re.search(r'<a href="([^"]+)" class="nxt">下一页</a>', response.text)
        if next_page_link:
            return next_page_link.group(1)  # 返回完整的链接
        else:
            return None
    else:
        print("访问失败", response.status_code)
        return None


# 初始页面
current_url = 'https://bbs.itheima.com/forum-425-1.html'

# 循环遍历每一页，直到没有下一页
while current_url:
    print(f"正在爬取: {current_url}")
    next_url = fetch_page(current_url)
    current_url = next_url

6.网易云

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# document.charset 查看源码编码格式
import requests
import time
import re
import os

filename = 'musics\\'
# 如果没有则创建文件夹,os与操作系统实现交互功能（创建文件夹和目录）
if not os.path.exists(filename):
    os.makedirs(filename)

url = 'https://music.163.com/discover/toplist?id=3778678'
headers = {
    'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/129.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'}

response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
time.sleep(5)
# re.findall
# 这个函数用于在字符串中查找所有与正则表达式模式匹配的部分，并返回一个包含所有匹配项的列表
# r 前缀表示这是一个原始字符串，其中的反斜杠不会被解释为转义字符
# (\d+): 捕获组，匹配一个或多个数字
# (.*?): 捕获组，非贪婪匹配任何字符（包括空字符），直到遇到 </a>
# print(response.text)
html_data = re.findall(r'<li><a href="/song\?id=(\d+)">(.*?)</a>', response.text)

for num_id, title in html_data:
    #  f-string 直接嵌入表达式
    music_download = f'https://music.163.com/song/media/outer/url?id={num_id}.mp3'
    music_content = requests.get(music_download, headers=headers)
    with open('musics\\' + title + '.mp3', 'wb') as f:
        f.write(music_content.content)
        print(num_id, title)

 7.微博热榜

# # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# import time
# from lxml import etree
# import requests
#
# url = 'https://m.weibo.cn/p/106003type=25&t=3&disable_hot=1&filter_type=realtimehot'
# headers = {
#     'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/129.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'}
# response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
# time.sleep(3)
# print(response.text)
# html = etree.HTML(response.text)
# el_list = html.xpath('//*[@id="app"]/div[1]/div[2]/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div/div/div/span[2]/span[1]/text()')
# print(len(el_list))

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

url = 'https://m.weibo.cn/p/106003type=25&t=3&disable_hot=1&filter_type=realtimehot'
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)
time.sleep(3)
el_list = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[1]/div[2]/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div/div/div/span[2]/span[1]')
# print(len(el_list))
el_list1 = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH,'//*[@id="app"]/div[1]/div[2]/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div/div/div/span[2]/span[2]')
# print(len(el_list1))
# save_out = []
i=1
for title,hot in zip(el_list,el_list1):
    # save_out.append(f"{i}\n")  # 添加行号
    # save_out.append(f"文章标题: {title.text}\n")  # 添加文章标题
    # save_out.append(f"热度: {hot.text}\n")  # 添加热度
    print(f"{i}")
    print(f"文章标题: {title.text}")
    print(f"热度: {hot.text}")
    i += 1
    print('-' * 40)

# with open("weibo.txt","w") as file:
#     file.writelines(save_out)

driver.quit()

8.驾校自动答题

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

url = 'https://www.jsyks.com/kmy-mnks'
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(url)

# 1.获取答案xpath
# 2.替换匹配答案
# 3.执行滑动点击操作
time.sleep(3)
el_list = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '/html/body/div[4]/div[1]/div[1]/ul/li')
# print(len(el_list))
# 使用get_attribute('标签名')获取标签值，保存正确选项
k_values = []
for li in el_list:
    k_values.append(li.get_attribute('k'))  # 'E'表示错误，'R'表示正确

# 使用列表推导式替换字符，E R都不是保持原样字符
replaced_list = ["正确" if x == 'R' else "错误" if x == 'E' else x for x in k_values]

for index, li in enumerate(el_list):
    answer = replaced_list[index]
    if answer == '正确' or answer == '错误':
        option = li.find_element(By.XPATH, f".//b[contains(text(),'{answer}')]")
    else:
        # 使用 starts-with 函数查找以特定字符开始的文本，答案为A、B、C、D的情况
        option = li.find_element(By.XPATH, f".//b[starts-with(normalize-space(text()), '{answer}')]")
    # 滚动到指定元素
    driver.execute_script('arguments[0].scrollIntoView();', option)
    # 使用JavaScript点击选项
    driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", option)

后期学习路线：继续在实战中总结反爬手段，学习反调式，以及之后的爬虫完整项目学习。