一.项目一
1.头文件.h
//A.h
#pragma once
//防止头文件被重复包含(重复包含会被重复编译,也就是该类会被重复定义)
#ifndef HEAD_H
//等价于( #if !defined(HEAD_H) )
//defined是一个预处理操作符,相当于一个表达式
#define HEAD_H
class A
{
public:
static void f(A a);
static void show();
//构造函数
//只能在初始化列表初始化常数据成员
A(int x, int conx) :x(x), conx(conx) { x2++; }
private:
int x;
static int x2;
const int conx;
};
//必须有结束指令
#endif
//Clock.h
#pragma once
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class Clock
{
public:
Clock();
void setTime(int newH, int newM, int newS, string newN);
void showTime() const;
//友元类
friend class Point;
private:
int hour, minute, second;
string name;
//类的静态常量如果有整数类型或枚举类型,可以在定义中指定常量值(不分配内存,只是简单替换)
static const int b = 10;
};
//内联函数不用分配内存(定义在头文件中)
inline int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
//Point.h
#pragma once
#include"Clock.h"
class Point
{
public:
Point(int x = 0, int y = 0) :x(x), y(y) {}
int getX() const{ return x; }
int getY() const{ return y; }
//友元函数
friend float dist(Point& p1, Point& p2);
//作为Clock的友元类,可以访问其私有成员
void show_Clock(Clock& c);
private:
int x, y;
};
2.源文件.cpp
//A.cpp
#include "A.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//外部变量只能放在.cpp下,不能在.h下(定义型声明)(文件作用域)
extern int j = 20;
//外部函数(不声明,文件作用域)
void showing(){
cout << "Hello Extern Function!--NOT--DEFINE" << endl;
}
//外部函数(声明为全局)
extern void showed() {
cout << "Hello Extern Function!--DEFINE" << endl;
}
//静态函数(不能被其他编译单元引用)(静态生存期)
void static shows() {
cout << "Hello Static Function!" << endl;
}
//必须在类外使用类名进行定义式声明(初始化)
int A::x2 = 0;
void A::f(A a) {
// cout << x; //不能在静态成员函数中直接访问非静态成员,必须与特定成员相对
cout << "a.x:" << a.x << endl;
cout << "x2:" << x2 << endl; // 可以直接访问静态成员
}
void A::show() {
cout << "x2:" << x2 << endl;
}
//Clock.cpp
#include "Clock.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//文件作用域(没有声明,但是在main函数中引用性声明,值也相同)
int i = 10;
Clock::Clock() :hour(0), minute(0), second(0) {
cout << "调用构造函数" << endl;
}
void Clock::setTime(int newH, int newM, int newS, string newN) {
name = newN;
hour = newH;
minute = newM;
second = newS;
}
void Clock::showTime() const {
cout << hour << ":" << minute << ":" << second << endl;
cout << name << endl;
}
//Point.cpp
#include "Point.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;
//友元函数实现
float dist(Point& p1, Point& p2) {
double x = p1.x - p2.x;
double y = p1.y - p2.y;
//static_cast是一种类型转换运算符,用于在编译时进行类型转换
return static_cast<float>(sqrt(x * x + y * y));
}
void Point::show_Clock(Clock& c) {
cout << "This is showed by Point" << this->x << " " << this->y << endl;
cout << c.name << endl;
}
3.主函数.cpp
//main.cpp
#include"Clock.h"
#include"A.h"
#include"Point.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
// 定义未指定初值的基本类型静态生存期变量,会被以0值初始化
// 声明具有静态生存期的对象
Clock globalClock;
int main() {
//生存期
cout << "生存期" << endl;
cout << "First:" << endl;
globalClock.showTime();
globalClock.setTime(8, 30, 30, "theclock");
Clock myClock(globalClock);
cout << "Second:" << endl;
myClock.showTime();
//静态成员
A a1(100,100);
A a2(99,100);
//调用静态成员函数
cout << "调用静态成员函数" << endl;
A::f(a1);
A::f(a2);
A::show();
//友元函数
cout << "友元函数" << endl;
Point myp1(1, 1), myp2(4, 5);
cout << "The distance is:" << endl;
cout << dist(myp1, myp2);
//友元类
//友元关系:不可传递,单向,不被继承
//友元函数不仅可以是普通的函数,也可以是另外一个类的成员函数
cout << "通过友元类输出私有类成员:" << endl;
myp1.show_Clock(myClock);
//调用内联函数
cout << "4 + 5 = " << add(4, 5) << endl;
//外部变量extern定义(引用性声明)
extern int i;
cout << "外部变量 i = " << i << endl;
//在源文件中声明后还要再声明,此时值一致
extern int j;
cout << "外部变量 j = " << j << endl;
//外部函数(使用要包含文件+函数声明)
void showing();
//extern void showing();//也可
showing();
void showed();
showed();
//不能访问其他编译单元静态函数
//void shows();
//shows();
return 0;
}
4.输出
调用构造函数
生存期
First:
0:0:0
Second:
8:30:30
theclock
调用静态成员函数
a.x:100
x2:2
a.x:99
x2:2
x2:2
友元函数
The distance is:
5通过友元类输出私有类成员:
This is showed by Point1 1
theclock
4 + 5 = 9
外部变量 i = 10
外部变量 j = 20
Hello Extern Function!--NOT--DEFINE
Hello Extern Function!--DEFINE
二.个人银行账户管理系统
(主要添加静态数据成员static,常成员const,条件预编译,并且实现头文件源文件文件分离)
1.头文件.h
//account.h
#pragma once
//条件预编译指令
#ifndef __ACCOUNT_H__
#define __ACCOUNT_H__
class SavingsAccount
{
private:
int id; //账号
double balance; //余额
double rate; //存款的年利率
int lastDate; //上次变更余额的时期
double accumulation; //余额按日累加之和
static double total; //所有账户总余额
//记录一笔账, date为日期, amount为金额, desc为说明
void record(int date, double amount);
//获得到指定日期为止的存款金额按日累积值
double accumulate(int date) const {
return accumulation + balance * (date - lastDate);
}
public:
SavingsAccount(int date, int id, double rate); //构造函数
int getId() const { return id; }
double getBalance() const { return balance; }
double getRate() const { return rate; }
static double getTotal() { return total; }
void deposit(int date, double amount); //存入现金
void withdraw(int date, double amount); //取出现金
//结算利息,每年1月 1日调用一次该函数
void settle(int date);
//显示账户信息
void show() const;
//友元函数
friend void show_items(SavingsAccount& s1);
//友元类
friend class AnotherAccount;
};
#endif
//AnotherAccount.h
#pragma once
#include"account.h"
class AnotherAccount
{
//成员函数可以访问SavingsAccount的保护和私有成员
private:
SavingsAccount S1;
SavingsAccount S2;
public:
AnotherAccount(SavingsAccount& s1,SavingsAccount& s2):S1(s1),S2(s2) {}
void showing() const;
};
2.源文件.cpp
//account.cpp
#include "account.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// 一定要在类外初始化静态本地变量,不然会报错
double SavingsAccount::total = 0;
// 友元函数实现
void show_items(SavingsAccount& s1) {
cout << "id:" << s1.id << " balance:" << s1.balance << " lastDate:" << s1.lastDate << endl;
}
//SavingsAccount类相关成员函数的实现
SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(int date, int id, double rate)
: id(id), balance(0), rate(rate), lastDate(date), accumulation(0) {
cout << date << "\t#" << id << " is created" << endl;
}
void SavingsAccount::record(int date, double amount) {
accumulation = accumulate(date);
lastDate = date;
amount = floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100; //保留小数点后两位(四舍五入)
balance += amount;
total += amount;
cout << date << "\t#" << id << "\t" << amount << "\t" << balance << endl;
}
void SavingsAccount::deposit(int date, double amount) {
record(date, amount);
}
void SavingsAccount::withdraw(int date, double amount) {
if (amount > getBalance())
cout << "Error: not enough money" << endl;
else
record(date, -amount);
}
void SavingsAccount::settle(int date) {
double interest = accumulate(date) * rate / 365; //计算年息
if (interest != 0)
record(date, interest);
accumulation = 0;
}
void SavingsAccount::show() const{
cout << "#" << id << "\tBalance: " << balance;
}
//AnotherAccount.cpp
#include "AnotherAccount.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//访问SavingsAccount的私有成员
void AnotherAccount::showing() const{
if (S1.balance > S2.balance) {
cout << "The bigger is:" << S1.id << " balance:" << S1.balance << endl;
}
else if (S1.balance < S2.balance) {
cout<< "The bigger is:" << S2.id << " balance:" << S2.balance << endl;
}
else {
cout << "No one bigger than the other" << endl;
}
}
3.主函数.cpp
//5-11.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include"account.h"
#include"AnotherAccount.h"
using namespace std;
int main() {
//建立几个账户
cout << "建立账户:" << endl;
SavingsAccount sa0(1, 1234567, 0.02);
SavingsAccount sa1(5, 7654321, 0.025);
//几笔账目
cout << "记账:" << endl;
sa0.deposit(5, 670000);
sa1.deposit(6, 700000);
sa0.deposit(60, 5500);
sa1.withdraw(70, 4000);
//开户后第100天到了银行的计息日,结算所有账户的年息
cout << "结息:" << endl;
sa0.settle(100);
sa1.settle(100);
//输出各个账户信息
cout << "输出各个账户信息:" << endl;
sa0.show();
cout << endl;
sa1.show();
cout << endl;
cout << "利用静态本地变量const唯一初始化性输出total:" << endl;
cout << "Total:" << SavingsAccount::getTotal() << endl;
//利用友元函数输出账户信息
cout << "利用友元函数输出账户信息:" << endl;
show_items(sa0);
show_items(sa1);
//友元类
cout << "友元类访问私有成员然后输出:" << endl;
AnotherAccount s1(sa0,sa1);
s1.showing();
return 0;
}
4.输出
建立账户:
1 #1234567 is created
5 #7654321 is created
记账:
5 #1234567 670000 670000
6 #7654321 700000 700000
60 #1234567 5500 675500
70 #7654321 -4000 696000
结息:
100 #1234567 3499.73 679000
100 #7654321 4498.63 700499
输出各个账户信息:
#1234567 Balance: 679000
#7654321 Balance: 700499
利用静态本地变量const唯一初始化性输出total:
Total:1.3795e+06
利用友元函数输出账户信息:
id:1234567 balance:679000 lastDate:100
id:7654321 balance:700499 lastDate:100
友元类访问私有成员然后输出:
The bigger is:7654321 balance:700499
三.其他
1.限定作用域的enum枚举类
//限定作用域的enum枚举类
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
enum color { red, yellow, green };
//enum color1 { red, yellow, green }; //错误,枚举类型不能重复定义
enum class color2 { red, yellow, green }; // 正确 限定作用域的枚举元素被隐藏
color c = red;
//color2 c1 = red; // color类型的值不能用来初始化color2类型实体
color c2 = color::red; // 显式的访问枚举元素
color2 c3 = color2::red; // 使用color2枚举元素
struct SColor {
enum color { red, yellow, green };
};
SColor::color c = SColor::red; // 正确使用未限定作用域的枚举元素
2.常成员函数举例
//常成员函数举例
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class R {
public:
R(int r1, int r2) :r1(r1), r2(r2) {}
void print();
void print() const;
private:
int r1, r2;
};
void R::print() {
cout << r1 << "---" << r2 << endl;
}
void R::print() const {
cout << r1 << "+++" << r2 << endl;
}
int main() {
R a(5, 4);
a.print(); //调用普通函数成员
const R b(20, 25);
b.print(); //调用常函数成员
return 0;
}
//输出
5---4
20+++25