C++ 数据共享与保护学习记录【代码】

一.项目一

1.头文件.h

//A.h
#pragma once
//防止头文件被重复包含(重复包含会被重复编译,也就是该类会被重复定义)
#ifndef HEAD_H
//等价于( #if !defined(HEAD_H) )
//defined是一个预处理操作符,相当于一个表达式
#define HEAD_H
class A
{
public:
	static void f(A a);
	static void show();
	//构造函数
	//只能在初始化列表初始化常数据成员
	A(int x, int conx) :x(x), conx(conx) { x2++; }
private:
	int x;
	static int x2;
	const int conx;
};
//必须有结束指令
#endif
//Clock.h
#pragma once
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class Clock
{
public:
    Clock();
    void setTime(int newH, int newM, int newS, string newN);
    void showTime() const;
    //友元类
    friend class Point;
private:
    int hour, minute, second;
    string name;
    //类的静态常量如果有整数类型或枚举类型,可以在定义中指定常量值(不分配内存,只是简单替换)
    static const int b = 10;
};
//内联函数不用分配内存(定义在头文件中)
inline int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}
//Point.h
#pragma once
#include"Clock.h"
class Point
{
public:
	Point(int x = 0, int y = 0) :x(x), y(y) {}
	int getX() const{ return x; }
	int getY() const{ return y; }
	//友元函数
	friend float dist(Point& p1, Point& p2);
	//作为Clock的友元类,可以访问其私有成员
	void show_Clock(Clock& c);
private:
	int x, y;
};

2.源文件.cpp

//A.cpp
#include "A.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//外部变量只能放在.cpp下,不能在.h下(定义型声明)(文件作用域)
extern int j = 20;

//外部函数(不声明,文件作用域)
void showing(){
	cout << "Hello Extern Function!--NOT--DEFINE" << endl;
}
//外部函数(声明为全局)
extern void showed() {
	cout << "Hello Extern Function!--DEFINE" << endl;
}
//静态函数(不能被其他编译单元引用)(静态生存期)
void static shows() {
	cout << "Hello Static Function!" << endl;
}

//必须在类外使用类名进行定义式声明(初始化)
int A::x2 = 0;

void A::f(A a) {
	// cout << x; //不能在静态成员函数中直接访问非静态成员,必须与特定成员相对
	cout << "a.x:" << a.x << endl;
	cout << "x2:" << x2 << endl; // 可以直接访问静态成员

}

void A::show() {
	cout << "x2:" << x2 << endl;
}
//Clock.cpp
#include "Clock.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//文件作用域(没有声明,但是在main函数中引用性声明,值也相同)
int i = 10;
Clock::Clock() :hour(0), minute(0), second(0) {
    cout << "调用构造函数" << endl;
}

void Clock::setTime(int newH, int newM, int newS, string newN) {
    name = newN;
    hour = newH;
    minute = newM;
    second = newS;
}
void Clock::showTime() const {
    cout << hour << ":" << minute << ":" << second << endl;
    cout << name << endl;
}
//Point.cpp
#include "Point.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;
//友元函数实现
float dist(Point& p1, Point& p2) {
	double x = p1.x - p2.x;
	double y = p1.y - p2.y;
	//static_cast是一种类型转换运算符,用于在编译时进行类型转换
	return static_cast<float>(sqrt(x * x + y * y));
}

void Point::show_Clock(Clock& c) {
	cout << "This is showed by Point" << this->x << " " << this->y << endl;
	cout << c.name << endl;
}

3.主函数.cpp

//main.cpp
#include"Clock.h"
#include"A.h"
#include"Point.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
// 定义未指定初值的基本类型静态生存期变量,会被以0值初始化
// 声明具有静态生存期的对象
Clock globalClock;

int main() {
    //生存期
    cout << "生存期" << endl;
    cout << "First:" << endl;
    globalClock.showTime();
    globalClock.setTime(8, 30, 30, "theclock");
    Clock myClock(globalClock);
    cout << "Second:" << endl;
    myClock.showTime();
    //静态成员  
    A a1(100,100);
    A a2(99,100);
    //调用静态成员函数
    cout << "调用静态成员函数" << endl;
    A::f(a1);
    A::f(a2);
    A::show();
    //友元函数
    cout << "友元函数" << endl;
    Point myp1(1, 1), myp2(4, 5);
    cout << "The distance is:" << endl;
    cout << dist(myp1, myp2);
    //友元类
    //友元关系:不可传递,单向,不被继承
    //友元函数不仅可以是普通的函数,也可以是另外一个类的成员函数
    cout << "通过友元类输出私有类成员:" << endl;
    myp1.show_Clock(myClock);
    //调用内联函数
    cout << "4 + 5 = " << add(4, 5) << endl;
    //外部变量extern定义(引用性声明)
    extern int i;
    cout << "外部变量 i = " << i << endl;
    //在源文件中声明后还要再声明,此时值一致
    extern int j;
    cout << "外部变量 j = " << j << endl;
    //外部函数(使用要包含文件+函数声明)
    void showing();
    //extern void showing();//也可
    showing();
    void showed();
    showed();
    //不能访问其他编译单元静态函数
    //void shows();
    //shows();

    return 0;
}

4.输出

调用构造函数
生存期
First:
0:0:0

Second:
8:30:30
theclock
调用静态成员函数
a.x:100
x2:2
a.x:99
x2:2
x2:2
友元函数
The distance is:
5通过友元类输出私有类成员:
This is showed by Point1 1
theclock
4 + 5 = 9
外部变量 i = 10
外部变量 j = 20
Hello Extern Function!--NOT--DEFINE
Hello Extern Function!--DEFINE

二.个人银行账户管理系统

(主要添加静态数据成员static,常成员const,条件预编译,并且实现头文件源文件文件分离)

1.头文件.h

//account.h
#pragma once
//条件预编译指令
#ifndef __ACCOUNT_H__
#define __ACCOUNT_H__
class SavingsAccount
{
private:
	int id; //账号
	double balance; //余额
	double rate; //存款的年利率
	int lastDate; //上次变更余额的时期
	double accumulation; //余额按日累加之和
	static double total;	//所有账户总余额
	//记录一笔账, date为日期, amount为金额, desc为说明
	void record(int date, double amount);
	//获得到指定日期为止的存款金额按日累积值
	double accumulate(int date) const {
		return accumulation + balance * (date - lastDate);
	}
public:
	SavingsAccount(int date, int id, double rate); //构造函数
	int getId() const { return id; }
	double getBalance() const { return balance; }
	double getRate() const { return rate; }
	static double getTotal() { return total; }
	void deposit(int date, double amount); //存入现金
	void withdraw(int date, double amount); //取出现金
	//结算利息,每年1月 1日调用一次该函数
	void settle(int date);
	//显示账户信息
	void show() const;
	//友元函数
	friend void show_items(SavingsAccount& s1);
	//友元类
	friend class AnotherAccount;
};
#endif

//AnotherAccount.h
#pragma once
#include"account.h"
class AnotherAccount
{
//成员函数可以访问SavingsAccount的保护和私有成员
private:
	SavingsAccount S1;
	SavingsAccount S2;
public:
	AnotherAccount(SavingsAccount& s1,SavingsAccount& s2):S1(s1),S2(s2) {}
	void showing() const;
};

2.源文件.cpp

//account.cpp
#include "account.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

// 一定要在类外初始化静态本地变量,不然会报错
double SavingsAccount::total = 0;

// 友元函数实现
void show_items(SavingsAccount& s1) {
	cout << "id:" << s1.id << "	  balance:" << s1.balance << " 	 lastDate:" << s1.lastDate << endl;
}

//SavingsAccount类相关成员函数的实现
SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(int date, int id, double rate)
	: id(id), balance(0), rate(rate), lastDate(date), accumulation(0) {
	cout << date << "\t#" << id << " is created" << endl;
}
void SavingsAccount::record(int date, double amount) {
	accumulation = accumulate(date);
	lastDate = date;
	amount = floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100; //保留小数点后两位(四舍五入)
	balance += amount;
	total += amount;
	cout << date << "\t#" << id << "\t" << amount << "\t" << balance << endl;
}
void SavingsAccount::deposit(int date, double amount) {
	record(date, amount);
}
void SavingsAccount::withdraw(int date, double amount) {

	if (amount > getBalance())
		cout << "Error: not enough money" << endl;
	else
		record(date, -amount);
}
void SavingsAccount::settle(int date) {
	double interest = accumulate(date) * rate / 365; //计算年息
	if (interest != 0)
		record(date, interest);
	accumulation = 0;
}
void SavingsAccount::show() const{
	cout << "#" << id << "\tBalance: " << balance;
}
//AnotherAccount.cpp
#include "AnotherAccount.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//访问SavingsAccount的私有成员
void AnotherAccount::showing() const{
	if (S1.balance > S2.balance) {
		cout << "The bigger is:" << S1.id << "   balance:" << S1.balance << endl;
	}
	else if (S1.balance < S2.balance) {
		cout<< "The bigger is:" << S2.id << "   balance:" << S2.balance << endl;
	}
	else {
		cout << "No one bigger than the other" << endl;
	}
}

3.主函数.cpp

//5-11.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include"account.h"
#include"AnotherAccount.h"
using namespace std;

int main() {
	//建立几个账户
	cout << "建立账户:" << endl;
	SavingsAccount sa0(1, 1234567, 0.02);
	SavingsAccount sa1(5, 7654321, 0.025);
	//几笔账目
	cout << "记账:" << endl;
	sa0.deposit(5, 670000);
	sa1.deposit(6, 700000);
	sa0.deposit(60, 5500);
	sa1.withdraw(70, 4000);
	//开户后第100天到了银行的计息日,结算所有账户的年息
	cout << "结息:" << endl;
	sa0.settle(100);
	sa1.settle(100);
	//输出各个账户信息
	cout << "输出各个账户信息:" << endl;
	sa0.show();
	cout << endl;
	sa1.show();
	cout << endl;
	cout << "利用静态本地变量const唯一初始化性输出total:" << endl;
	cout << "Total:" << SavingsAccount::getTotal() << endl;
	//利用友元函数输出账户信息
	cout << "利用友元函数输出账户信息:" << endl;
	show_items(sa0);
	show_items(sa1);
	//友元类
	cout << "友元类访问私有成员然后输出:" << endl;
	AnotherAccount s1(sa0,sa1);
	s1.showing();
	return 0;
}

4.输出

建立账户:
1       #1234567 is created
5       #7654321 is created
记账:
5       #1234567        670000  670000
6       #7654321        700000  700000
60      #1234567        5500    675500
70      #7654321        -4000   696000
结息:
100     #1234567        3499.73 679000
100     #7654321        4498.63 700499
输出各个账户信息:
#1234567        Balance: 679000
#7654321        Balance: 700499
利用静态本地变量const唯一初始化性输出total:
Total:1.3795e+06
利用友元函数输出账户信息:
id:1234567        balance:679000         lastDate:100
id:7654321        balance:700499         lastDate:100
友元类访问私有成员然后输出:
The bigger is:7654321   balance:700499

三.其他

1.限定作用域的enum枚举类

//限定作用域的enum枚举类
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
enum color { red, yellow, green };
//enum color1 { red, yellow, green }; //错误,枚举类型不能重复定义
enum class color2 { red, yellow, green }; // 正确 限定作用域的枚举元素被隐藏
color c = red;
//color2 c1 = red; // color类型的值不能用来初始化color2类型实体
color c2 = color::red; // 显式的访问枚举元素
color2 c3 = color2::red; // 使用color2枚举元素
struct SColor {
    enum color { red, yellow, green };
};
SColor::color c = SColor::red; // 正确使用未限定作用域的枚举元素

2.常成员函数举例

//常成员函数举例
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class R {
public:
	R(int r1, int r2) :r1(r1), r2(r2) {}
	void print();
	void print() const;
private:
	int r1, r2;
};

void R::print() {
	cout << r1 << "---" << r2 << endl;
}

void R::print() const {
	cout << r1 << "+++" << r2 << endl;
}



int main() {
	R a(5, 4);
	a.print(); //调用普通函数成员
	const R b(20, 25);
	b.print(); //调用常函数成员
	return 0;
}
//输出
5---4
20+++25
上一篇:视频监控管理平台LntonCVS视频汇聚平台充电桩视频监控应用方案


下一篇:Vue3 响应式 API:工具函数(一)-isRef