1.安装：
pip install django
pip install djangorestframework
pip install pygments # 此模块用来使得代码可以突出显示
2。创建一个新的环境：
virtualenv env
source env/bin/activate
3.创建工程：
cd # cd 到你要创建工程的目录
django-admin startproject tutorial
cd tutorial
python manage.py startapp snippets # 创建webapi
4.配置：
在settings.py的INSTALLED_APPS中配置：
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'rest_framework',
'snippets.apps.SnippetsConfig',
)
5.编辑snippets/models.py
from django.db import models
from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers
from pygments.styles import get_all_styles
LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]]
LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS])
STYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles())
class Snippet(models.Model):
created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')
code = models.TextField()
linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False)
language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100)
style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100)
class Meta:
ordering = ('created',)
6.初始化和迁移数据库
python manage.py makemigrations snippets
python manage.py migrate
7.创建序列化的类snippets/serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from snippets.models import Snippet, LANGUAGE_CHOICES, STYLE_CHOICES
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True)
title = serializers.CharField(required=False, allow_blank=True, max_length=100)
code = serializers.CharField(style={'base_template': 'textarea.html'})
linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False)
language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python')
style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly')
def create(self, validated_data):
"""
Create and return a new `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
"""
return Snippet.objects.create(**validated_data)
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
"""
Update and return an existing `Snippet` instance, given the validated data.
"""
instance.title = validated_data.get('title', instance.title)
instance.code = validated_data.get('code', instance.code)
instance.linenos = validated_data.get('linenos', instance.linenos)
instance.language = validated_data.get('language', instance.language)
instance.style = validated_data.get('style', instance.style)
instance.save()
return instance
8.使用ModelSerializer使得上面的代码更加简洁
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Snippet
fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')
"""
重要的是要记住，ModelSerializer类并没有什么特别神奇的功能，它们只是创建序列化器类的快捷方式:
一组自动确定的字段。
create()和update()方法的简单默认实现。
"""
9. 配置snippets/views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_list(request):
"""
List all code snippets, or create a new snippet.
"""
if request.method == 'GET':
snippets = Snippet.objects.all()
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets, many=True)
return JsonResponse(serializer.data, safe=False)
elif request.method == 'POST':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JsonResponse(serializer.data, status=201)
return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
@csrf_exempt
def snippet_detail(request, pk):
"""
Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet.
"""
try:
snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk)
except Snippet.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
if request.method == 'GET':
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet)
return JsonResponse(serializer.data)
elif request.method == 'PUT':
data = JSONParser().parse(request)
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data)
if serializer.is_valid():
serializer.save()
return JsonResponse(serializer.data)
return JsonResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
elif request.method == 'DELETE':
snippet.delete()
return HttpResponse(status=204)
"""
值得注意的是，有几个边缘情况我们目前没有正确处理。如果我们发送格式不正确的json，
或者使用视图无法处理的方法发出请求，那么我们将得到500个“服务器错误”响应。
不过，现在这样就可以了。
"""
10.配置snippets/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from snippets import views
urlpatterns = [
path('snippets/', views.snippet_list),
path('snippets/<int:pk>/', views.snippet_detail),
]
11.配置连接根tutorial/urls.py
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
path('', include('snippets.urls')),
]
12.测试我们的api
12.1: 手动导入两条数据
from snippets.models import Snippet
from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser
snippet = Snippet(code='foo = "bar"\n')
snippet.save()
snippet = Snippet(code='print("hello, world")\n')
snippet.save()
12.2：测试
pip install httpie # 我们可以使用curl或httpie来测试我们的API。Httpie是一个用Python编写的用户友好的http客户机。让我们安装。
python manage.py runserver
13.最后我们得到如下结果
Finally, we can get a list of all of the snippets:
浏览器中输入： http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
[
{
"id": 1,
"title": "",
"code": "foo = \"bar\"\n",
"linenos": false,
"language": "python",
"style": "friendly"
},
{
"id": 2,
"title": "",
"code": "print(\"hello, world\")\n",
"linenos": false,
"language": "python",
"style": "friendly"
}
]
或者：we can get a particular snippet by referencing its id:
http http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/2/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
{
"id": 2,
"title": "",
"code": "print(\"hello, world\")\n",
"linenos": false,
"language": "python",
"style": "friendly"
}