https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/2.0/topics/auth/default/#authentication-in-web-requests
django认证模型系统是django自带,默认配置文件在settings.py文件当中。这个项目在INSTALLED_APPS
setting里面由两个部分组成,分别是:
-
'django.contrib.auth'
包含了认证框架的核心模块, 是默认的模型。 -
'django.contrib.contenttypes'
是django的内容类型系统, 这个会允许你连接你创建的模型。
这是你的中间件配置:
-
SessionMiddleware
manages sessions across requests. -
AuthenticationMiddleware
associates users with requests using sessions.
一、创建超级用户
$ python manage.py createsuperuser --username=joe --email=joe@example.com
更改密码
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
u = User.objects.get(username='john')
u.set_password('new password')
u.save()
# 这里的User是django默认创建的用户表,如果用到自己定义的表,这里需要更改,更改后的表含有User表所有的方法。
检查密码
auth 提供的一个检查密码是否正确的方法,需要提供当前请求用户的密码。
密码正确返回True,否则返回False。
用法:
ok = user_obj.check_password('密码')
或者
ok = request.user.check_password(raw_password='原密码')
一个简单的修改密码功能的事例:
@login_required
def set_password(request):
user = request.user
err_msg = ''
if request.method == 'POST':
old_password = request.POST.get('old_password', '')
new_password = request.POST.get('new_password', '')
repeat_password = request.POST.get('repeat_password', '')
# 检查旧密码是否正确
if user.check_password(old_password):
if not new_password:
err_msg = '新密码不能为空'
elif new_password != repeat_password:
err_msg = '两次密码不一致'
else:
user.set_password(new_password)
user.save()
return redirect("/login/")
else:
err_msg = '原密码输入错误'
content = {
'err_msg': err_msg,
}
return render(request, 'set_password.html', content) 修改密码示例
验证用户
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
user = authenticate(username='john', password='secret')
if user is not None:
# 验证通过
# A backend authenticated the credentials
else:
# 验证失败
# No backend authenticated the credentials
request
is an optional HttpRequest
which is passed on the authenticate()
method of the authentication backends.
Changed in Django 1.11:
The optional request
argument was added.
权限和认证
User
objects have two many-to-many fields: groups
and user_permissions
. User
objects can access their related objects in the same way as any other Django model:
myuser.groups.set([group_list])
myuser.groups.add(group, group, ...)
myuser.groups.remove(group, group, ...)
myuser.groups.clear()
myuser.user_permissions.set([permission_list])
myuser.user_permissions.add(permission, permission, ...)
myuser.user_permissions.remove(permission, permission, ...)
myuser.user_permissions.clear() from django.contrib.auth.models import User u = User.objects.get(username='john')
u.groups.add()
或
u = User.objects.get(username='john')
u.user_permissions.add()
默认权限
假设我创建了一个app名称叫做foo,model名称叫做
Bar,测试你所拥有的基本权限方法如下:
add: user.has_perm('foo.add_bar')
change: user.has_perm('foo.change_bar')
delete: user.has_perm('foo.delete_bar')
权限缓存
from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission, User
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404 from myapp.models import BlogPost def user_gains_perms(request, user_id):
user = get_object_or_404(User, pk=user_id)
# any permission check will cache the current set of permissions
user.has_perm('myapp.change_blogpost') content_type = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(BlogPost)
permission = Permission.objects.get(
codename='change_blogpost',
content_type=content_type,
)
user.user_permissions.add(permission) # Checking the cached permission set
user.has_perm('myapp.change_blogpost') # False # Request new instance of User
# Be aware that user.refresh_from_db() won't clear the cache.
user = get_object_or_404(User, pk=user_id) # Permission cache is repopulated from the database
user.has_perm('myapp.change_blogpost') # True ...
Web 请求的认证
django使用session中间件来验证request objects,如果用户验证没有通过,这个实例会被设置成AnonymousUser。
if request.user.is_authenticated:
# Do something for authenticated users.
...
else:
# Do something for anonymous users.
...
如何使用authenticate()和
login()
:
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login def my_view(request):
username = request.POST['username']
password = request.POST['password']
user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password)
if user is not None:
login(request, user)
# Redirect to a success page.
...
else:
# Return an 'invalid login' error message.
...
用户如何登出
from django.contrib.auth import logout def logout_view(request):
logout(request)
# Redirect to a success page.
Limiting access to logged-in users
from django.conf import settings
from django.shortcuts import redirect def my_view(request):
if not request.user.is_authenticated:
return redirect('%s?next=%s' % (settings.LOGIN_URL, request.path))
# ...
或者返回一个错误页面
from django.shortcuts import render def my_view(request):
if not request.user.is_authenticated:
return render(request, 'myapp/login_error.html')
# ...
login_required
装饰器
使用方法如下
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required @login_required
def my_view(request):
...
登陆成功后默认会跳转到/accounts/login/目录,如果需要使用自定义目录,需要添加在settings.py文件LOGIN_URL
参数。
测试登陆用户,验证用户是否存在email字段
from django.shortcuts import redirect def my_view(request):
if not request.user.email.endswith('@example.com'):
return redirect('/login/?next=%s' % request.path)
# ...
user_passes_test
(test_func, login_url=None, redirect_field_name='next')[source]¶
As a shortcut, you can use the convenient user_passes_test
decorator which performs a redirect when the callable returns False
:
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import user_passes_test def email_check(user):
return user.email.endswith('@example.com') @user_passes_test(email_check)
def my_view(request):
permission_required
装饰器
permission_required
(perm, login_url=None, raise_exception=False)[source]
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import permission_required @permission_required('polls.can_vote')
def my_view(request):
...
就好像has_perm方法一样,permission_requierd使用方法为<app label>.<permission codename>
注意permission_required()仍然需要login_url字段。作为login_required的装饰,login_url默认设置的为settings.LOGIN_URL,也就是settings.py文件当中的LOGIN_URL参数。
如果raise_exception字段抛出,这个装饰会抛出PermissionDenied,403 Forbidden,而不是跳转的login页面。如果你想要在异常抛出前再给你的用户登陆,你可以加上login_required()
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required, permission_required @login_required
@permission_required('polls.can_vote', raise_exception=True)
def my_view(request):
Session invalidation on password change
如果用户认证的model从 AbstractBaseUser
或者从get_session_auth_hash()方法实现,通过这些,认证缓存会通过hash方法实现,在
AbstractBaseUser
例子中,如果你想要更改密码并且不退出登陆,使用update_session_auth_hash()方法。
from django.contrib.auth import update_session_auth_hash def password_change(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
form = PasswordChangeForm(user=request.user, data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
form.save()
update_session_auth_hash(request, form.user)
else:
...
如何扩展自带的auth_user表
1. 新建一个表, 一对一关联上面的auth_user表
2. 继承的方式
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser class UserInfo(AbstractUser):
phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)
addr = models.CharField(max_length=128)
相当于对默认的auth_user表做了扩展, 并且代替auth_user
注意:
在settings.py中一定要加
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'app名.类名'
https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/2.0/topics/auth/default/#authentication-in-web-requests