目录
1. 概述 3
2. 安装与配置 3
2.1 django项目与应用创建 3
2.2 uwsgi安装与配置 6
2.3 supervisor安装与配置 8
2.4 nginx安装与作为反向代理服务器的配置 10
3. nginx+uwsgi优化 16
3.1 uwsgi进程线程数配置优化 16
3.2 Django数据库连接参数CONN_MAX_AGE优化 20
3.3 nginx中worker_rlimit_nofile与worker_connections优化 21
1. 概述
基于CentOS7.4的Nginx+UWsgi+Django+Supervisor是常见的web项目部署方式。为方便项目部署，了解各个软件配置，性能调优提供参考，以及高并发环境下一些异常修复与规避。
2. 安装与配置
PtCloud可根据环境的不同进行灵活性的搭建和配置，但都需要使用PtCloud发行版光盘进行角色的选择，并至少选择一台物理机作为计算节点。根据根据安装的不同情况做以下的安装说明。
2.1 Django项目与app创建
2.1.1 给python2.7安装django1.10的库
[root@bogon my_projects]# pip install django==1.10
2.1.2 创建django项目helloworld
[root@bogon my_projects]# django-admin.py startproject hellowold
2.1.3 创建第一个应用 application1
[root@bogon my_projects]# cd hellowold
[root@bogon hellowold]# django-admin.py startapp application1
2.1.4 修改setting.py中的ALLOWED_HOSTS
说明：ALLOWED_HOSTS后面所跟的属性值是一个字符串列表值，这个字符串列表值表示当下这个Django站点可以提供的host/domain(主机/域名)。*通配符去配置，另外当DEBUG设置为False的时候必须配置这个配置。否则会抛出异常。
将/home/my_projects/helloworld/helloworld/setting.py中的ALLOWED_HOSTS修改为以下内容
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
2.1.5 运行django项目
[root@bogon hellowold]# ./manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:1001
在另一个终端执行以下命令，进行测试
[root@bogon my_projects]# curl http://127.0.0.1:1001
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="robots" content="NONE,NOARCHIVE"><title>Welcome to Django</title>
<style type="text/css">
html * { padding:0; margin:0; }
body * { padding:10px 20px; }
body * * { padding:0; }
body { font:small sans-serif; }
body>div { border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; }
h1 { font-weight:normal; }
h2 { margin-bottom:.8em; }
h2 span { font-size:80%; color:#666; font-weight:normal; }
h3 { margin:1em 0 .5em 0; }
h4 { margin:0 0 .5em 0; font-weight: normal; }
table { border:1px solid #ccc; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%; background:white; }
tbody td, tbody th { vertical-align:top; padding:2px 3px; }
thead th {
padding:1px 6px 1px 3px; background:#fefefe; text-align:left;
font-weight:normal; font-size:11px; border:1px solid #ddd;
}
tbody th { width:12em; text-align:right; color:#666; padding-right:.5em; }
#summary { background: #e0ebff; }
#summary h2 { font-weight: normal; color: #666; }
#explanation { background:#eee; }
#instructions { background:#f6f6f6; }
#summary table { border:none; background:transparent; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="summary">
<h1>It worked!</h1>
<h2>Congratulations on your first Django-powered page.</h2>
</div>
<div id="instructions">
<p>
Of course, you haven't actually done any work yet. Next, start your first app by running <code>python manage.py startapp [app_label]</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div id="explanation">
<p>
You're seeing this message because you have <code>DEBUG = True</code> in your Django settings file and you haven't configured any URLs. Get to work!
</p>
</div>
</body></html>
2.2 uwsgi安装与配置
2.2.1安装uwsgi
[root@bogon hellowold]# yum -y install uwsgi
2.2.2 django项目hellowold中uwsgi.ini配置
[root@bogon hellowold]# pwd
/home/my_projects/hellowld
[root@bogon hellowold]# cat uwsgi.ini
[uwsgi]
chdir = /home/my_projects/helloworld
module = helloworld.wsgi:application
reload-mercy = 10
user = root
uid = root
master = True
harakiri-verbose = true
post-buffering = 65536
buffer-size = 65536
Harakiri = 30
threads = 30 # 与进程的乘积不大于数据库允许的最大连接数
processes = 8 # 二倍于CPU核数
# socket = 127.0.0.1:7001 # nginx和 uwsgi间走的是 wsgi 协议，对应的nginx那边也需要配置uwsgi的一些参数
http = 127.0.0.1:7001 # uwsgi将本端口的流按照http协议解析
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true
2.2.3 用uwsgi启动django项目
如果步骤2.1.5启动的程序还未停止，请用ctrl+c先停止，然后执行以下命令
[root@bogon hellowold]# uwsgi --ini /home/my_projects/helloworld/uwsgi.ini
在另一个终端中查看结果，执行
[root@bogon hellowold]# curl http://127.0.0.1:1001 |grep Congratulations
<h2>The install worked successfully! Congratulations!</h2>
2.3 supervisor安装与配置
2.3.1 supervisor安装
[root@bogon hellowold]# yum install supervisor
2.3.2 supervisor配置
将/etc/supervisor/supervisor.conf修改为以下内容
[unix_http_server]
file=/var/run/supervisor/supervisor.sock ; (the path to the socket file)
[supervisord]
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/supervisord.log ; (main log file;default $CWD/supervisord.log)
logfile_maxbytes=50MB ; (max main logfile bytes b4 rotation;default 50MB)
logfile_backups=10 ; (num of main logfile rotation backups;default 10)
loglevel=info ; (log level;default info; others: debug,warn,trace)
pidfile=/var/run/supervisord.pid ; (supervisord pidfile;default supervisord.pid)
nodaemon=false ; (start in foreground if true;default false)
minfds=1024 ; (min. avail startup file descriptors;default 1024)
minprocs=200 ; (min. avail process descriptors;default 200)
[rpcinterface:supervisor]
supervisor.rpcinterface_factory = supervisor.rpcinterface:make_main_rpcinterface
[supervisorctl]
serverurl=unix:///var/run/supervisor/supervisor.sock ; use a unix:// URL for a unix socket
[include]
files = /etc/supervisor/conf.d/*.conf
在/etc/supervisor/supervisor.d目录下创建helloworld.conf内容如下
[program:helloworld]
directory = /home/my_projects/helloworld
command = uwsgi --ini /home/my_projects/helloworld/uwsgi.ini
user = root
autostart = true
autorestart = true
stopsignal = QUIT
redirect_stderr = true
loglevel = error
stdout_logfile = /var/log/uwsgi/client_uwsgi_out.log
stderr_logfile = /var/log/uwsgi/client_uwsgi_err.log
logfile_maxbytes = 10M
aogfile_maxbytes = 2M
如果步骤2.2.2启动的程序还在运行，请先ctrl+c停止，然后执行以下命令
[root@bogon hellowold]# supervisord -c /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf # 启动supervisor服务
helloworld RUNNING pid 28899, uptime 0:00:03
其它supervisor相关命令
supervisorctl status # 查看supervisor管理的程序
supervisorctl stop all # 停止supervisor守护的所有进程
supervisorctl start all # 启动supervisor守护的所有进程
supervisorctl stop helloworld # 停止supervisor守护的helloworld进程(也可以是其它被守护的进程，该名称在/etc/supervisor/conf.d/***.conf文件中[program:后配置)。
supervisorctl start helloworld # 启动supervisor守护的helloworld进程
supervisorctl restart helloworld # 重启supervisor守护的helloworld进程
2.4 Nginx安装与作为反向代理服务器的配置
2.4.1安装nginx
[root@bogon my_projects]# yum -y install nginx
安装好nginx后，nginx也为自己创建好了用户。在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf中user后面就是nginx执行时所使用的用户。如：“user nginx;”
2.4.2配置nginx
除原有niginx.conf中的用户不修改外，其余修改为以下内容。
# user nginx; # nginx 用户为原文件中的nginx用户。
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 768;
}
http {
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 4096;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}
给helloworld项目设置反向代理规则
[root@bogon my_projects]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/helloworld.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name 127.0.0.1; # ext-sandbox.51zhuan.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log /var/log/nginx/helloworld/nginx.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/helloworld/nginx.error.log;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
location / {
proxy_pass_header Server;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:1001;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
检查配置文件nginx.conf的正确性：
[root@bogon my_projects]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
2.1.3启动 Nginx
Nginx 重新启动命令如下：
[root@bogon my_projects]# service nginx restart
访问站点
[root@bogon my_projects]# curl http://127.0.01
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
x!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
1.2.4 Nginx 其他命令
以下包含了 Nginx 常用的几个命令：
nginx -s reload # 重新载入配置文件
nginx -s reopen # 重启 Nginx
nginx -s stop # 停止 Nginx
service nginx status # 使用service查看nginx的状态
service nginx start # 使用service启动nginx
service nginx stop # 使用service停止nginx
service nginx restart # 使用service重启nginx
3.nginx+uwsgi优化
3.1 http与socket路由方式
3.1.1 http路由方式
使用http路由方式，uwsgi与nginx之间也会以http协议进行通信。在uwsgi内部会生成一个监听已配置端口的服务器，转发请求到由master进程管理的4个uWSGI worker组成的池中。
3.1.2 socket路由方式
nginx与uwsgi间使用wsgi协议进行socket通信，uwsgi接受到nginx传输的数据后直接由workers进程对数据进行处理，然后返回给nginx，nginx再解析成http返回给客户端。
修改uwsgi启动方式为socket，将uwsgi.ini中的http = 127.0.0.1:1001修改为socket = 127.0.0.1:1001
[root@bogon my_projects]# cd /home/my_projects/helloworld
[root@bogon helloworld]# cat uwsgi.ini
[uwsgi]
chdir = /home/agu/temp/helloworld
module = helloworld.wsgi:application
reload-mercy = 10
user = root
uid = root
master = True
harakiri-verbose = true
post-buffering = 65536
buffer-size = 65536
harakiri = 30
threads = 30
processes = 8
socket = 127.0.0.1:1001
# http = 127.0.0.1:1001
chmod-socket = 664
vacuum = true
重启服务
[root@bogon helloworld]# supervisorctl restart helloworld
在使用socket方式时nginx需要与uwsgi适配，在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf文件http模块中加入以下两行
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_read_timeout 120;
创建/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params该文件内容如下
uwsgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
uwsgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
uwsgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
uwsgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
uwsgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
uwsgi_param PATH_INFO $document_uri;
uwsgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
uwsgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;
uwsgi_param REQUEST_SCHEME $scheme;
uwsgi_param HTTPS $https if_not_empty;
uwsgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
uwsgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
uwsgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
uwsgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
nginx重载配置文件或重启nginx
[root@bogon helloworld]# nginx -s reload
在另一个终端中查看结果，执行
[root@bogon hellowold]# curl http://127.0.0.1:1001 |grep successfully
<h2>The install worked successfully! Congratulations!</h2>
3.1 uwsgi进程线程数配置优化
3.1.1 uwsgi进程线程数配置
配置文件路径/home/my_projects/helloworld/uwsgi.ini
修改processes进程数与threads进程数
3.1.2测试服务器配置与结果报表
3.1.2测试结论
当进程数为4线程数为60时平均吞吐量最高，错误率也相对较低。所以得出结论当进程数为CPU核数2倍时，效率最高。
3.2 Django数据库连接参数CONN_MAX_AGE优化
3.2.1 CONN_MAX_AGE参数配置
路径/home/my_projects/helloworld/helloworld/settings.py database参数修改为以下内容
DATABASES = {
"default": {
"ENGINE": "django.db.backends.mysql",
"NAME": "integral_wall_sandbox",
"USER": "root",
"PASSWORD": "ztwl",
"HOST": "127.0.0.1",
"PORT": "3306",
"CONN_MAX_AGE": 28800, # 8 hours
},
}
测试报表
测试结论
1.当django数据库连接中配置CONN_MAX_AGE参数时，只有views业务中从sql执行开始到本次请求结束的时间超过CONN_MAX_AGE时会立即断开与数据库的连接。如果执行时间少于CONN_MAX_AGE不会断开连接。
2.当django数据库连接中不配置CONN_MAX_AGE参数时，views业务中执行sql时会建立起与数据库的连接，数据库操作结束后立即断开连接。
3.配置了CONN_MAX_AGE参数省去了频繁连接与断开数据的时间，所以服务器吞吐量略大于不配置CONN_MAX_AGE时的吞吐量。
4.uwsgi实际启动进程数=1个主进程+uwsgi配置的进程数；主进程始终1个线程，子进程中的线程始终为uwsgi中配置的线程数。
3.3 nginx中worker_rlimit_nofile与worker_connections优化
3.3.1 worker_rlimit_nofile解释
本参数为nginx工作进程改变打开最多文件描述符数目的限制。用来在不重启主进程的情况下增加限制，小于等于unix系统打开文件最大进程数的配置
3.3.2 当worker_rlimit_nofile不配置或者配置量过小，在高并发下可能出现的异常
异常日志路径/var/log/nginx/helloworld/nginx.access.log
异常日志：socket() failed (24: Too many open files) while connecc ting to upstream
3.3.3 worker_connections含义
每一个worker进程能并发处理（发起）的最大连接数。应小于等于worker_rlimit_nofile值。
3.3.4 当worker_connections配置量过小，在高并发下可能出现的异常
异常日志路径/var/log/nginx/helloworld/nginx.access.log
异常日志：socket() failed (24: Too many open files) while connecc ting to upstream