lamp简介
所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。
LAMP指的是Linux（操作系统）、Apache（HTTP服务器）、MySQL（也指MariaDB，数据库软件）和PHP（有时也是指Perl或Python）的第一个字母，一般用来建立web应用平台。
web服务器工作流程
在说lamp架构平台的搭建前，我们先来了解下什么是CGI，什么是FastCGI，什么是......
web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源
- 静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
- 动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢？下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
如上图所示
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器（即apache）和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信，且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系，但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
cgi与fastcgi
上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI，下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。
CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。
FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：
- modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
- httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php）
- httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
- CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
- FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信
web工作流程
通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程：
客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
- web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
- 若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
- 否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系，通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源，并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互，取之而后返回给httpd，httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。
lamp平台构建
环境说明：
| 系统平台 | IP | 需要安装的服务 |
| centos8 redhat8 | 192.168.220.40 | httpd mysql php php-mysql |
1.安装HTTP：
//安装需要的包
[root@chouyu ~]# yum -y install wget bzip2 gcc gcc-c++ make pcre-devel expat-devel libxml2-devel openssl-devel
[root@chouyu ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'
//下载和安装apache，apr和apr-util
[root@chouyu~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.46.tar.gz
[root@chouyu~]# wget http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@chouyu~]# wget http://mirrors.hust.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
//创建apache用户和组
[root@chouyu~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin apache
//解压
[root@chouyu ~]# tar -xf apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@chouyu~]# tar -xf httpd-2.4.46.tar.gz
[root@chouyu~]# tar -xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@chouyu~]# cd apr-1.7.0
[root@chouyuapr-1.7.0]# vim configure
cfgfile="${ofile}T"
trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
# $RM "$cfgfile" //将此行加上注释，或者删除此行
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
.................................................... //配置过程
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# make && make install
................................... //编译安装过程
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# cd /root/apr-util-1.6.1
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
.................................... //配置过程
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
......................................... //编译安装过程
//apache安装
[root@chouyu apr-util-1.6.1]# cd /root/httpd-2.4.46
[root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
> --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
> --enable-so \
> --enable-ssl \
> --enable-cgi \
> --enable-rewrite \
> --with-zlib \
> --with-pcre \
> --with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
> --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
> --enable-modules=most \
> --enable-mpms-shared=all \
> --with-mpm=prefork
....................................配置过程
[root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# make && make install
............................编译安装过程
//安装后配置
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man //添加此行
[root@chouyu ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
#
#ServerName www.example.com:80 //取消前面的注释
//启动
[root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# apachectl start
[root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
[root@chouyu httpd-2.4.46]#
//安装依赖包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel ncurses-compat-libs
//创建用户和组
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
//下载二进制格式mysql软件包
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
//解压软件
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ /usr/local/mysql
'/usr/local/mysql' -> '/usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/'
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql*
//添加环境变量
[root@localhost local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/myslq.sh
[root@localhost local]# source /etc/profile.d/myslq.sh
[root@localhost local]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/apache/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
<br>[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/include/mysql<br>[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf <br>MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man<br>MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man #添加man文件<br><br>[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf<br>/usr/local/mysql/lib<br><br>[root@localhost ~]# ldconfig <br><br><br><br><br><br>
#创建数据存放目录
[root@localhost local]# mkdir /mydata
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /mydata/
//初始化数据库
[root@chouyu local]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/mydata
2021-01-03T12:26:58.269415Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2021-01-03T12:26:58.522285Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-01-03T12:26:58.546744Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-01-03T12:26:58.602304Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: f943bc2c-4dbe-11eb-8248-000c29aa2fbf.
2021-01-03T12:26:58.602972Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-01-03T12:26:58.917180Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-01-03T12:26:59.390382Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: Ewl1guldYj>!
#修改my.cnf配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
#添加以下内容
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /mydata
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /mydata/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
[client-server]
#配置服务启动脚本
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/support-files/
[root@localhost support-files]# ls
magic mysqld_multi.server mysql-log-rotate mysql.server
[root@localhost support-files]# cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost support-files]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
# If you change base dir, you must also change datadir. These may get
# overwritten by settings in the MySQL configuration files.
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/mydata
#启动mysql
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
[root@chouyu support-files]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
[root@chouyu support-files]# mysql -uroot -p'Ewl1guldYj>!'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.31
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password = password('123321123');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
//安装依赖包
[root@chouyu ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php-mysqlnd
[root@chouyu ~]# yum -y install php-*
[root@chouyu ~]# php -v
[root@chouyu ~]# php -v
PHP 7.2.24 (cli) (built: Oct 22 2019 08:28:36) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies
with Zend OPcache v7.2.24, Copyright (c) 1999-2018, by Zend Technologies
[root@chouyu ~]#
[root@chouyu ~]# vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
;listen = /run/php-fpm/www.sock #注释此行
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 #添加监听端口
[root@chouyu ~]# systemctl start php-fpm
[root@chouyu ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
[root@chouyu ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi/index.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
#在配置文件的最后加入以下内容
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi"
ServerName www.ceshi11.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ceshi">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
# If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
# probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
#
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php #添加此行
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps #添加此行
.......................................................
# is requested.
#
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html #添加index.php
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl restart
验证