使用python通过SSH登陆linux并操作
用的昨天刚接触到的库,在windows下通过paramiko来登录linux系统并执行了几个命令,基本算是初试成功,后面会接着学习的。
代码:
>>> import paramiko
>>> ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
>>> ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
>>> ssh.connect('10.104.6.8',username = 'xiaopeng',password='******')
>>> cmd = 'cd' #进入用户目录home
>>> stdin,stdout,stderr = ssh.exec_command(cmd)
>>> cmd = 'ls >test' #管道,ls命名的输出到文件test里面
>>> stdin,stdout,stderr = ssh.exec_command(cmd)
>>> cmd = 'cat test' # 显示test的内容,即ls命名的结果
>>> stdin,stdout,stderr = ssh.exec_command(cmd)
>>> print stdout.readlines() #结果 汉字用的字符显示
['code\n', 'Desktop\n', 'order.cpp\n', 'python\n', 'test\n', '\xe5\x85\xac\xe5\x85\xb1\xe7\x9a\x84\n', '\xe6\xa8\xa1\xe6\x9d\xbf\n', '\xe8\xa7\x86\xe9\xa2\x91\n', '\xe5\x9b\xbe\xe7\x89\x87\n', '\xe6\x96\x87\xe6\xa1\xa3\n', '\xe4\xb8\x8b\xe8\xbd\xbd\n', '\xe9\x9f\xb3\xe4\xb9\x90\n']
这里我们都会发现,使用exec_command('cd dirname')时并不会切换目录,execute_command() 是a single session,每次执行完后都要回到缺省目录。所以可以 .execute_command('cd /var; pwd')。
python里面的paramiko模块,用这个实现ssh登录更加简单。看下面的代码:
- #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
- #!/usr/bin/python
- import paramiko
- import threading
- def ssh2(ip,username,passwd,cmd):
- try:
- ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
- ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
- ssh.connect(ip,22,username,passwd,timeout=5)
- for m in cmd:
- stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(m)
- # stdin.write("Y") #简单交互,输入 ‘Y’
- out = stdout.readlines()
- #屏幕输出
- for o in out:
- print o,
- print '%s\tOK\n'%(ip)
- ssh.close()
- except :
- print '%s\tError\n'%(ip)
- if __name__=='__main__':
- cmd = ['cal','echo hello!']#你要执行的命令列表
- username = "" #用户名
- passwd = "" #密码
- threads = [] #多线程
- print "Begin......"
- for i in range(1,254):
- ip = '192.168.1.'+str(i)
- a=threading.Thread(target=ssh2,args=(ip,username,passwd,cmd))
- a.start()
上面的程序还是有些技巧的:
1.利用多线程,同时发出登录请求,同时去连接电脑,这样速度快很多,我试了一下,如果不用多线程,直接一个一个挨着执行的话,大约5~10秒钟才能对一台电脑操作完,具体时间要根据命令的来决定,如果是软件安装或者卸载时间要更长一些。这样下来怎么也要一二十分钟,用多线程后就快多了,所有的命令执行完用了不到2分钟!
2.最好用root用户登录,因为安装或者卸载软件的时候如果用普通用户又会提示输入密码,这样又多了一次交互,处理起来就比较麻烦!安装软件时apt-get install xxx 最好加上“-y”参数,因为有时安装或删除软件时提示是否继续安装或卸载,这又是一次自动交互!加上那个参数后就没有人机交互了。
3. 循环时循环所有ip,因为计算机的ip是路由器自动分配的,保险起见,最好全部都执行,保证没有遗漏的主机
4.远端执行命令时如果有交互,可以这样用 stdin.write("Y")来完成交互,“Y”就是输入“Y”。
5.把所有的命令放到一个列表里面,遍历列表可以依次执行列表里面的命令
6.为了更好的进行控制,最好在电脑上提前把root用户打开,装好ssh服务器并让其开机自动执行。
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('10.111.43.18',22,'root','12345',timeout=5)
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('cd /root/epoll/')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('pwd')
上边的代码输出应该是 /root/epoll/,但结果却是 /root ,即使用root登陆的缺省目录
原因是exec_command为单个会话,执行完成之后会回到登录时的缺省目录
修改为这样执行结果则为预期的 /root/epoll 目录
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('cd /root/epoll/;pwd')
最近闲着学习python,看到有个paramiko模块,貌似很强大,学着写了个一个小程序,可以直接在window下登录到linux,执行并返回执行结果。
下面直接贴代码:
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#!/usr/bin/env python import paramiko
#hostname='192.168.0.102' hostname = '172.28.102.250'
username = 'root'
password = 'abc'
#port=22 if __name__ = = '__main__' :
paramiko.util.log_to_file( 'paramiko.log' )
s = paramiko.SSHClient()
#s.load_system_host_keys()
s.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
s.connect(hostname = hostname,username = username, password = password)
stdin,stdout,stderr = s.exec_command( 'ifconfig;free;df -h' )
print stdout.read()
s.close()
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下面看下效果,呵呵:
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s501914252.HCA - FW9CX2XDesktop学习资料python paramiko - ssh.py"
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00 : 24 : 01 : 01 :EA: 5C
inet addr: 172.32 . 34.240 Bcast: 172.32 . 255.255 Mask: 255.255 . 255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 1428 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 2 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 1000
RX bytes: 190928 ( 186.4 KiB) TX bytes: 128 ( 128.0 b)
Interrupt: 20
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00 : 1F : 29 : 03 : 54 : 3D
inet addr: 172.28 . 102.250 Bcast: 172.28 . 255.255 Mask: 255.255 . 0.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 99698 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 12305 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes: 36420324 ( 34.7 MiB) TX bytes: 923630 ( 901.9 KiB)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr: 127.0 . 0.1 Mask: 255.0 . 0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU: 16436 Metric: 1
RX packets: 0 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 0 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes: 0 ( 0.0 b) TX bytes: 0 ( 0.0 b)
peth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 99686 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 12333 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 1000
RX bytes: 36818715 ( 35.1 MiB) TX bytes: 1006230 ( 982.6 KiB)
Interrupt: 20 Memory:f3000000 - f3010000
vif0. 1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 12305 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 99702 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes: 923630 ( 901.9 KiB) TX bytes: 36420811 ( 34.7 MiB)
vif1. 0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 5 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 85175 errors: 0 dropped: 542 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 500
RX bytes: 140 ( 140.0 b) TX bytes: 20377326 ( 19.4 MiB)
vif2. 0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 5 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 84859 errors: 0 dropped: 411 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 500
RX bytes: 140 ( 140.0 b) TX bytes: 20301953 ( 19.3 MiB)
vif3. 0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 5 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 84337 errors: 0 dropped: 546 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 500
RX bytes: 140 ( 140.0 b) TX bytes: 20174994 ( 19.2 MiB)
virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00 : 00 : 00 : 00 : 00 : 00
inet addr: 192.168 . 122.1 Bcast: 192.168 . 122.255 Mask: 255.255 . 255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 0 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 0 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes: 0 ( 0.0 b) TX bytes: 0 ( 0.0 b)
xenbr1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets: 86405 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0
TX packets: 0 errors: 0 dropped: 0 overruns: 0 carrier: 0
collisions: 0 txqueuelen: 0
RX bytes: 19498121 ( 18.5 MiB) TX bytes: 0 ( 0.0 b)
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3359744 464724 2895020 0 31096 246296
- / + buffers / cache: 187332 3172412
Swap: 5406712 0 5406712
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use % Mounted on
/ dev / mapper / VolGroup00 - LogVol00
221G 25G 185G 12 % /
/ dev / sda1 99M 22M 73M 23 % / boot
tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0 % / dev / shm
none 1.8G 152K 1.8G 1 % / var / lib / xenstored<br><br><br><br><br>
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<br><br><br>-、执行远程命令:<br> #!/usr/bin/python<br>#coding:utf-8<br>import paramiko<br>port =22<br>ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()<br>ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())<br>ssh.connect("*.*.*.*",port,"username", "password")<br>stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command("你的命令")<br>print stdout.readlines()<br>ssh.close()<br><br>二、上传文件到远程<br>#!/usr/bin/python<br>#coding:utf-8<br>import paramiko<br><br>port =22<br>t = paramiko.Transport(("IP",port))<br>t.connect(username = "username", password = "password")<br>sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)<br>remotepath='/tmp/test.txt'<br>localpath='/tmp/test.txt'<br>sftp.put(localpath,remotepath)<br>t.close()<br><br>三、从远程下载文件<br>#!/usr/bin/python<br>#coding:utf-8<br>import paramiko<br><br>port =22<br>t = paramiko.Transport(("IP",port))<br>t.connect(username = "username", password = "password")<br>sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)<br>remotepath='/tmp/test.txt'<br>localpath='/tmp/test.txt'<br>sftp.get(remotepath, localpath)<br>t.close()<br><br>四、执行多个命令<br>#!/usr/bin/python<br>#coding:utf-8<br><br>import sys<br>sys.stderr = open('/dev/null') # Silence silly warnings from paramiko<br>import paramiko as pm<br>sys.stderr = sys.__stderr__<br>import os<br><br>class AllowAllKeys(pm.MissingHostKeyPolicy):<br> def missing_host_key(self, client, hostname, key):<br> return<br><br>HOST = '127.0.0.1'<br>USER = ''<br>PASSWORD = ''<br><br>client = pm.SSHClient()<br>client.load_system_host_keys()<br>client.load_host_keys(os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/known_hosts'))<br>client.set_missing_host_key_policy(AllowAllKeys())<br>client.connect(HOST, username=USER, password=PASSWORD)<br><br>channel = client.invoke_shell()<br>stdin = channel.makefile('wb')<br>stdout = channel.makefile('rb')<br><br>stdin.write('''<br>cd tmp<br>ls<br>exit<br>''')<br>print stdout.read()<br><br>stdout.close()<br>stdin.close()<br>client.close()<br><br>五、获取多个文件<br>#!/usr/bin/python<br>#coding:utf-8<br><br>import paramiko<br>import os<br><br>ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()<br>ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())<br>ssh.connect('localhost',username='****') <br><br>apath = '/var/log'<br>apattern = '"*.log"'<br>rawcommand = 'find {path} -name {pattern}'<br>command = rawcommand.format(path=apath, pattern=apattern)<br>stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command(command)<br>filelist = stdout.read().splitlines()<br><br>ftp = ssh.open_sftp()<br>for afile in filelist:<br> (head, filename) = os.path.split(afile)<br> print(filename)<br> ftp.get(afile, './'+filename)<br>ftp.close()<br>ssh.close()<br><br><br>
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paramiko模块是基于Python实现的ssh远程安全链接,实现命令远程、文件传输、SSH代理等功能。本文详细介绍了paramiko模块常用的方法,且实用价值非常高,稍作修改就能做出一个实用的运维工具。
安装
letong@me:~$ sudo pip install paramiko
简单的远程执行命令实例
#!/usr/bin/env python
import paramiko
hostname='127.0.0.1'
username='root'
password='123456'
port=2222 ssh=paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.load_system_host_keys()
ssh.connect(hostname=hostname,port=port,username=username,password=password)
stdin,stdout,stderr=ssh.exec_command('ls /')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close()
SSHClient类
SSHClient类是SSH服务会话的高级表示,封装了传输、通道以及SFTPClient的校验、建立方法,通常用于执行命令。
connect方法
connect(self, hostname, port=22, username=None, password=None, pkey=None, Key_filename=None, timeout=None, allow_agent=True, look_for_keys=True, compress=False)
参数说明:
hostname,连接目标的主机地址 port,连接目标的端口,默认22 username,用户名 password,用户密码 pkey,私钥方式用户验证 key_filename,私钥文件名 timeout,超时时间 allow_agent,是否允许ssh代理 look_for_keys,是否允许搜索私钥文件 compress,打开时是否压缩
exec_command方法
exec_command(self, command, bufzise=-1)
参数说明:
command,执行的命令 bufsize,文件缓冲区大小,-1不限制
load_system_host_keys方法
load_system_host_keys(self, filename=None)
参数说明:
filename,指定远程主机公钥文件
set_missing_host_key_policy方法
ssh=paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
参数说明:
AutoAddPolicy,自动添加主机名及密钥到本地并保存,不依赖load_system_host_keys()配置 RejectPolicy,自动拒绝未知主机名和密钥,依赖load_system_host_keys()配置 WarnningPolicy,功能与AutoAddPolicy相同,但是未知主机会报警
SFTPClient类
根据SSH传输协议的sftp会话,实现远程文件上传、下载等操作。
from_transport方法
from_transport(cls, t)
参数说明:
t,一个已通过验证的传输对象
例:
>>> import paramiko >>> a = paramiko.Transport((“127.0.0.1″,2222)) >>> a.connect(username=”root”, password=’123456′) >>> sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(a)
put方法
put(self, localpath, remotepath, callback=None, confirm=True)
参数说明:
localpath,上传源文件的本地路径 remotepath,目标路径 callback,获取接收与总传输字节数 confirm,上传完毕后是否调用stat()方法,以便确认文件大小
例:
>>> localpath=’ftp-test.log’ >>> remotepath=’/data/ftp-test.log’ >>> sftp.put(localpath,remotepath)
get方法
get(self, remotepath, localpath, callback=None)
参数说明:
remotepath,需要下载的远程文件 localpath,本地存储路径 callback,同put方法
其他方法
mkdir,用于创建目录 remove,删除目录 rename,重命名 stat,获取文件信息 listdir,获取目录列表