ThreadPoolExecutor源码学习(1)-- 主要思路

ThreadPoolExecutor是JDK自带的并发包对于线程池的实现,从JDK1.5开始,直至我所阅读的1.6与1.7的并发包代码,从代码注释上看,均出自Doug Lea之手,从代码上看JDK1.7几乎是重写了ThreadPoolExecutor的实现代码,JDK1.6的实现比较晦涩难懂,不便于理清作者的思路,故从JDK1.7的代码说起。

ThreadPoolExecutor既然是一个线程池,那么所谓池子的概念和意义多半在于充分利用资源,线程池当然就是为了充分利用线程资源,即尽量减少新建和销毁线程所产生的开销,带着这个问题,来看下作者是如何实现这个目的的。

典型的ThreadPoolExecutor调用

     public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue);//constructor public void execute(Runnable command);

典型的使用通常为new一个ThreadPoolExecutor对象,然后调用execute方法把需要执行的代码丢进去,剩下的线程控制就交给ThreadPoolExecutor管理了。从构造函数的corePoolSize,maxnumPoolSize都好理解,但是对于keepAliveTime,我之前使用一直存在一个无解,认为是execute线程所能运行的最大时间,实际上:

/**
* @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
* the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
* will wait for new tasks before terminating.
*/

当当前线程数量大于corePoolsize的时候,多出来的线程在没有任务执行的时候所能存在的最大时间。

ThreadPoolExecutor总体的代码量还是比较大,但是核心代码(对传入线程的处理,即execute方法)还是比较清晰的(JDK1.7)。整体思路如下:

1,如果线程数量小于corePoolsize则新建一个worker线程,执行传入的Runnable对象。

2,如果线程数量大于等于corePoolsize,则把当前传入的Runnable对象放到队列里面(workQueue,见构造函数)。

3,如果队列已满,则新建一个worker线程,来执行当前传入的Runnable对象。

4,如果队列已满,线程数量也达到maxnumPoolsize,则只能放弃执行传入的Runnable对象。

代码如下:

     public void execute(Runnable command) {
if (command == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (poolSize >= corePoolSize || !addIfUnderCorePoolSize(command)) {
if (runState == RUNNING && workQueue.offer(command)) {
if (runState != RUNNING || poolSize == 0)
ensureQueuedTaskHandled(command);
}
else if (!addIfUnderMaximumPoolSize(command))
reject(command); // is shutdown or saturated
}
}

这里存在一个问题,那就是队列workQueue的对象在什么时候被执行呢?再仔细搜索代码的执行流程,每次新建的Thread并非只是把传入的Runnable对象直接执行,而是:

         /**
* Main run loop
*/
public void run() {
try {
Runnable task = firstTask;//这里的first一般为传入的Runnable
firstTask = null;
while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
runTask(task);
task = null;
}
} finally {
workerDone(this);
}
}

这个为worker线程的run方法,其中的getTask()就是去workQueue里面取出Runnable对象并不停的执行,只有当workerQueue为空了,这个worker线程才退出这个死循环,结束这个线程。

以上为ThreadPoolExecutor整体实现思路,但是为了保证线程安全,作者也是下了不少功夫。选取比较有趣的几个地方说下:

对于保存通过execute方法传入进来的Runnable对象,作者保存在一个BlockingQueue里面,BlockingQueue是一个interface,里面有一个特性

/*
* <p><tt>BlockingQueue</tt> methods come in four forms, with different ways
* of handling operations that cannot be satisfied immediately, but may be
* satisfied at some point in the future:
* one throws an exception, the second returns a special value (either
* <tt>null</tt> or <tt>false</tt>, depending on the operation), the third
* blocks the current thread indefinitely until the operation can succeed,
* and the fourth blocks for only a given maximum time limit before giving
* up.
*/

即是对于获取一个可能会不能马上获取的对象,这个队列必须实现4种方式:1,抛异常,2,马上返回空,3,阻塞当前调用改方法的线程,4,阻塞该线程等待一定时间,那么从队列两个主要的方法来说,insert,remove就会有8个方法。如果我们使用new CachedThreadPool(),即一个常用的生成线程池的工厂方法,workQueue将是一个SynchronousQueue对象,这个对象的特点就是:

/**
* A {@linkplain BlockingQueue blocking queue} in which each insert
* operation must wait for a corresponding remove operation by another
* thread, and vice versa. A synchronous queue does not have any
* internal capacity, not even a capacity of one. You cannot
* <tt>peek</tt> at a synchronous queue because an element is only
* present when you try to remove it; you cannot insert an element
* (using any method) unless another thread is trying to remove it;
* you cannot iterate as there is nothing to iterate. The
* <em>head</em> of the queue is the element that the first queued
* inserting thread is trying to add to the queue; if there is no such
* queued thread then no element is available for removal and
* <tt>poll()</tt> will return <tt>null</tt>. For purposes of other
* <tt>Collection</tt> methods (for example <tt>contains</tt>), a
* <tt>SynchronousQueue</tt> acts as an empty collection. This queue
* does not permit <tt>null</tt> elements.
*/

这个队列的特点就是为空,必须在有线程想从里面获取对象并已经阻塞住了,才能往里面插入对象。如果线程池使用这样的队列实现,将会有什么效果呢?还是从 从队列里面获取Runnable对象的方法来看:(该方法为公共方法,无论传入什么队列)

    Runnable getTask() {
for (;;) {
try {
int state = runState;
if (state > SHUTDOWN)
return null;
Runnable r;
if (state == SHUTDOWN) // Help drain queue
r = workQueue.poll();//2,马上返回
else if (poolSize > corePoolSize || allowCoreThreadTimeOut)
r = workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);//等到一定时间,不行则放弃
else
r = workQueue.take();//3,阻塞
if (r != null)
return r;
if (workerCanExit()) {
if (runState >= SHUTDOWN) // Wake up others
interruptIdleWorkers();
return null;
}
// Else retry
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
// On interruption, re-check runState
}
}
}

事实上,对于传入SynchronousQueue,最终只会调用阻塞的take(),对于调用poll(),会一直返回null,因为改队列不保存对象。那new CachedThreadPool()将会返回一个这样的线程池,如果线程的数目够用,那当前存在的线程将被重用(因take()一直在那里等待新的线程),如果当前的线程们执行不过来,则会新开线程,但是这个新开的线程不会主动销毁。

作者在对操作主要对象使用了ReentrantLock这样一个锁来实现对资源访问的同步除了如下这些优点以外,我觉得在代码清晰性上也是一个大的优势:

        final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {
if (poolSize < corePoolSize && runState == RUNNING)
t = addThread(firstTask);
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
} synchronized (lockObject) {
if (poolSize < corePoolSize && runState == RUNNING)
t = addThread(firstTask);
}

明显第一种写法在语义上看更直观一点:-D

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