当要查看上千行的大文件时，我们可不会用cat命令把整个文件内容给打印出来，相反，我们可能只需要看文件的一小部分地内容（例如文件的前十行和后十行）,我们也有可能需要打印出来前n行或后n行,也有可能打印除了前n行或后n行之外的所有行，也有可能需要实时监控log日志的更新，那么怎么实现呢？下面一起来看一下linux下使用率极高的head ,tail两个命令。
一、head命令详解
首先，输入head --help查看帮助信息:
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head --help
Usage: head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file;
with the leading `-', print all but the last
K bytes of each file
-n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10;
with the leading `-', print all but the last
K lines of each file
-q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names
-v, --verbose always print headers giving file names
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit K may have a multiplier suffix:
b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,
GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.
head命令的语法格式为:
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
接下来将在实例中讲解各参数含义及用法：
实例：
1.使用head命令查看文件内容前十行
新建test.txt,共14行.
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ cat -n test.txt
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 d
5 e
6 f
7 g
8 h
9 i
10 j
11 k
12 l
13 m
14 n
使用head命令查看前十行,head命令默认显示文件前十行
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head test.txt
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
2.-n参数，显示test.txt文件的前3行
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -n 3 test.txt
a
b
c
英文提示信息：
-n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10;
3.-n参数显示除了文件最后3行外的所有内容
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -n -3 test.txt
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
英文提示信息：
-n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10;
with the leading `-', print all but the last
K lines of each file
加上'-',打印所有内容除了最后的K行。
4.-c参数，按文件内容大小来打印，打印前2个字节的内容
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -c 2 test.txt
a
2个字节就是一个“a”字母。
英文提示信息：
-c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file;
5.-c参数，打印除了最后2个字节的文件内容
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -c -2 test.txt
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
英文提示信息：
-c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file;
with the leading `-', print all but the last
K bytes of each file
6.-q参数，打印时不显示文件名称
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -q test.txt
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
英文提示信息：
-q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names
其实后面跟上--quiet,--silent都是一样的，都不会显示文件名称，和默认打印是一样的效果。
7.-v参数，打印是显示文件名称
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -v test.txt
==> test.txt <==
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
英文提示信息：
-v, --verbose always print headers giving file names
其中，用--verbose和-v显示的是一样的效果
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head --verbose test.txt
==> test.txt <==
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
8.打印多个文件的内容
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ head -n 3 test.txt test2.txt
==> test.txt <==
a
b
c ==> test2.txt <==
c
d
e
二、tail命令详解
tail命令和head 命令非常相似，只不过它是打印文件的尾部内容的，当然也有一些特色之处,下面一起来看看吧。
首先，输入tail --help看一下提示信息
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail --help
Usage: tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K
to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file
-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
output appended data as the file grows;
-f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are
equivalent
-F same as --follow=name --retry
-n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last 10;
or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth
--max-unchanged-stats=N
with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not
changed size after N (default 5) iterations
to see if it has been unlinked or renamed
(this is the usual case of rotated log files).
With inotify, this option is rarely useful.
--pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies
-q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names
--retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or
becomes inaccessible; useful when following by
name, i.e., with --follow=name
-s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds
(default 1.0) between iterations.
With inotify and --pid=P, check process P at
least once every N seconds.
-v, --verbose always output headers giving file names
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+',
print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise,
print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix:
b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,
GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which
means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track
its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to
track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log
rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the
named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation.
语法格式：
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
这里由于head和tail实在比较像，这里为了节省篇幅，对相似之处将尽量简洁
实例：
test2.txt，共有12行内容为从c-n
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ cat -n test2.txt
1 c
2 d
3 e
4 f
5 g
6 h
7 i
8 j
9 k
10 l
11 m
12 n
1.-c 参数，根据文件字节进行输出打印
-c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K
to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file
打印test2.txt中的最后4 bytes，如下：
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -c 4 test2.txt
m
n
tail -c +4 test2.txt 加上一个‘+’会是什么效果呢？
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -c +4 test2.txt e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
少打印了c d 两个字母，那么 -c +K的意思也就很明了了，即打印文件的所有内容除了前面的K个字节
2、-n参数，根据文件行数进行打印
看一下提示信息：
-n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last 10;
or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth
--max-unchanged-stats=N
with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not
changed size after N (default 5) iterations
to see if it has been unlinked or renamed
(this is the usual case of rotated log files).
With inotify, this option is rarely useful.
--pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies
打印test2.txt最后的3行内容:
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -n 3 test2.txt
l
m
n
从第3行开始输出test2.txt的所有内容：
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -n +3 test2.txt
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
3.-q参数，-v参数
-q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names
--retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or
becomes inaccessible; useful when following by
name, i.e., with --follow=name
不打印文件名称信息：
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -q test2.txt
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
打印文件名称信息：
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -v test2.txt
==> test2.txt <==
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
４、-f参数
tail 命令的一个很重要的用法是从一个内容不断增加的文件中读取数据。新增加的内容部民被添加到文件的尾部，因此当新内容被写入文件的时候，可以用tail将其显示出来。只是简单的使用tail的话，它会读取文件的最后10行，然后退出，这样就不能做到实时监控，加入-f参数就可以做到实时监控文件的更新内容了。
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -f test2.txt
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
ctrl+alt+t新开一个终端，然后执行下面的命令:
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ echo 'xyz' >> test2.txt
这个时候你就可以看到前一个终端在里出现了‘xyz’
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -f test2.txt
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
xyz
这样就能实时监控项目里的log日志了。
如果想设定一个间隔时间去查看文件的更新应该怎么做呢？请看-s参数
5、-s参数
英文提示信息：
-s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds
(default 1.0) between iterations.
With inotify and --pid=P, check process P at
least once every N seconds.
如每隔５秒查看一次test2.txt的内容是否更新
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -f -s 5 test2.txt
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
xyz
默认是１秒更新一次。
6.--pid参数
tail 具有一个很意思的特性，当某个给定进程结束之后，tail也会随之终结.
假如我们正在读取一个不断增长的文件，进程Foo一直在向该文件追加数据，那么tail就会一直执行，直到进程Foo的结束.
$PID=$(pidof Foo)
$tail -f file --pid $PID
#当进程Foo结束之后，tail也会跟着结束
例如用gedit打开test2.txt，不断加入数据,然后在终端里使用tail进行监听，具体为：
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ PID=$(pidof gedit)
amosli@amosli-pc:~/learn/fd$ tail -f -s 2 test2.txt --pid $PID
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
xyz
然后不断在gedit中追加入‘yyy’后保存，按理说终端里应该会更新，但我的终端不知为何没有更新数据，这里就不帖出来了。
关闭gedit后，tail监控也关闭掉了。