第一章 Windows NT System Components

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The focus(焦点) of this book is Windows NT file system and the interaction(交互) of the file system with the other core(核心) operating system components(组件,部分).If you are interested   in providing(提供) value-added(增值) software for the Windows NT platform(平台), the topics(主题) on filter(过滤) driver design and development(发展) should provide(提供) you with a good understanding of some of the mechanics involved(有关的) in designing such software.

Files systems and filter drivers don't exist in a vacuum(空间), but interact(相互影响) heavily(严重的) with the rest of the operating system. This chapter(章节) provides(提供) an overview(概述) of the main components(部分) of the Windows NT operating system.

The Basics(基础,基本要素)

Operating systems deal(处理) with issues(问题) that users prefer(更喜欢) to forget, including initializing(正在初始化) processor(处理器) states, coordinating(协调) multiple(多重) CPUs, maintaining(维护) CPU cache coherency(缓存一致性),managing(管理) the local bus(局部总线), managing physical(物理) memory, providing(提供) virtual memory support(支持), dealing with(处理) external(外部) devices(设备),defining(定义) and scheduling(调度) user processes/threads, managing user data stored(存储) on external(外部) devices(设备), and providing(以及提供) the foundation(基础) for an easily manageable(容易控制) and user-friendly computing(计算) system. Above all(首先尤其是), the operating system must be perceived as(被看作) reliable(可靠) and efficient(有效),  since any perceived(认为) lack(缺乏) of these qualities(品质) will almost certainly(肯定) result in the universal(普遍的) rejection(排斥) and thereby(因此) in the quick(快速) death of the operating sysytem.

Contrary(相反) to what you are may have heard(听到), Windows NT is not a state-of-the-art(最先进) operating system by any means(无论如何). It employs(使用) concepts(概念) and principles(原则) that have been know(已经知道) for years(好几年) and have actually been implemented(实际上已经被实现) in many other commercial(商用) operating systems. You can envision(想象) the Windows NT platform as the result(结果表明) of a confluence(汇合) of ideas(思想的汇合), principles(原则), and practices(实践) obtained(获得) from a wide Variety of (多种多样的)\

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sources(来源), from both commercial products (从商业产品)and research(研究) projects conducted(管理) by universities(大学).

{ 恰恰相反你也许会听到,Windows NT 无论如何也不是最先进的操作系统,它使用的概念和原则已经被一些商用的操作系统在好几年前就被实现了。你可以想象认为 Windows NT 平台是商业产品和大学项目研究等多种多样思想,原则,实践的汇合的结果 }

Design principles(设计原则) and methodologies(方法) from the venerable(珍贵的) UNIX and OpenVMS operating system platforms, as well as the MACH operating system developed(开发) at CMU, are obvious(明显的) in Windows NT. You can also see the influence(影响) of less sophisticated(复杂) system, such as MS-DOS and OS/2. However, do not be misled into thinking that Windows NT can be dismissed as just another conglomeration(聚合) of rehashed(重复) design principles(设计原则) and ideas. The fact that the designers of Windows NT were willing(乐意) to learn from their own experiences(经验) in designers other operating systems and the experiences of others has led(指引) to the development of a fairly stable(较稳定) and serious(严重) computing platform.

{在Windows NT 的设计原则和方法很明显的来自 珍贵的UNIX和OpenVMS操作系统,也有来自卡耐基梅隆大学开发的MACH操作系统。你也可以看到影响不那么复杂的系统,例如MS-DOS 和 OS/2。然而,不要被误导认为Windows NT 可以使另一个的重复设计原则和想法的聚合。事实上Windows NT乐意学习这些操作系统的是经验,并且用这些经验来指引开发稳定和严重的计算平台。}

The Core Architecture(核心架构)

Certain(某些) philosophies(哲学) derived(派生的) from the MACH operating system are visible in(是可见的) the design of Windows NT . These include an effort(努力/成就) to minimize(最小化) the size of the kernel and to implement(实现) parts of the operating system using the client-server model, with a message-passing(消息传递) method(方法) to transfer(转移) information between modules(模块,组件). Furthermore(此外), the designers have tried to(试图) implement(实现) a layered(分层) operating system, where each component(组件) interacts(交互) with other layers via a well-defined interface(接口).

{在Windows NT 操作系统中可见某些设计哲学来自MACK操作系,这些成就包括操作系统使用CS模式实现一个最小的内核,模块之间使用消息传递来转移信息。此外,设计试图实现一个分层的系统,让组件通过分层之间良好的接口进行交互。}

The operating system was designed specifically to(专门) run in both single-processor(单处理器) and symmetric(对称) multiprocessor(多重处理器) environments(环境).

{ 这个操作系统专门用来运行在双核处理器和对称的多核处理器环境 }

Finally, one of the(其中之一) primary(主要) goals(目的) was to make the operating system easily portable across(容易移植) many different hardware(硬件) architectures(架构). The designers tried to(试图) achieve this goal by using an object-based(基于对象) model to design operating system components and by abstracting out(通过提取) those small pieces(块) of the operating system that are hardware-dependent(硬件相关) and therefore(因此) need to be reimplemented(重载实现) for each supported(被支持的) platform; the more portable components(便携式组件) can, theoretically(理论上), simply be recompiled(重新编译) for the different architectures(架构).

{最后,其中最主要的一个目的之一是做一个在不同硬件架构上容易移植的操作系统。设计试图实现这个目标使用基于对象模式来设计操作系统组件并且通过提取操作系统和相关硬件的最小块。因此需要中再来实现这些被支持的平台,更多的便携式组件,理论上,只要在不用的架构上简单的编译。}

Figure(图) 1-1 illustrates(说明) how the Windows NT operating system is structured.(结构) The figure shows that Windows NT can be broadly(明显的) divided into two main components: user mode and kernel mode.

{图1-1说明了Windows NT操作系统结构是什么样子的,这个图展示Windows NT 可以明显的分为两个部分:用户模式和内核模式}

User mode

The operating system provides(提供) support(支持) for protected subsystems. Each protected subsystem resides(存在) in its own process with its memory protected from other subsystems. Memory protection(保护) support is provided(提供) by the Windows NT Virtual Memory Manager.

{操作系统提供支持保护子系统,每一个保护子系统存在它自己的内存保护和其它的子系统。内存保护支持来自Windows NT的虚拟内存}

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