只给两个课时的人工智能作业动物专家系统实验，局限性很多。
设置规则时1-8时已经最大可能避免的规则冲突，所以基本没有规则冲突处理。
对规则9-15采用FIRST法处理冲突。
PS：前端界面如果有时间会做的，到时候更新贴出来。
一 实验目的
熟悉掌握基于规则系统的表示与推理
二 实验内容
设计一个动物识别专家系统，规则库至少包含15条规则，可以识别至少7种动物，规则可增加；
界面显示要求:
1）有若干选择动物特征的选择列表；
2）表现判断动物时，使用了哪些规则;
3）表现数据库的变化；
4）显示规则的调用次序；
5）显示最后的结果，包含动物能识别出来和动物不能识别出来两种情况；
6）至少检查两个例子实现正向推理和反向推理的区别
三 设计思路
1.设计综合数据库
features = ["有奶", "有毛发", "有羽毛", "会飞", "会下蛋", \
"吃肉", "有犬齿", "有爪","眼盯前方", "有蹄", "嚼反刍",\
"黄褐色", "身上有暗斑点", "身上有黑色条纹", "有长脖子", \
"有长腿", "不会飞", "会游泳", "有黑白二色", "善飞",\
"哺乳动物", "鸟", "食肉动物", "蹄类动物", "金钱豹", "虎",\
"长颈鹿", "斑马", "鸵鸟", "企鹅", "信天翁"]
2.设计规则库
rule1 = [2] # if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21
rule2 = [1] # if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21
rule3 = [3] # if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22
rule4 = [4, 5] # if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22
rule5 = [6] # if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23
rule6 = [7, 8, 9] # if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23
rule7 = [21, 10] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24
rule8 = [21, 11] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24
rule9 = [21, 23, 12, 13] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25
rule10 = [21, 23, 12, 14] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26
rule11 = [24, 15, 16, 13] # if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27
rule12 = [24, 14] # if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28
rule13 = [22, 17, 16, 15, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29
rule14 = [22, 17, 18, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30
rule15 = [22, 4, 5] # if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31
其中rule1-rule8为动物特征推导动物特征的规则，rule9-rule15为动物特征推导动物种类的规则
3.推理原理
正向推理：
a.input手动选择特征生成事实数据库，根据这些特征推导出其他动物特征，最终推导出动物种类
b.判断输入的事实库是否包含规则1-8的集合，如果包含则向事实数据库中加入相应规则对应的事实。
如：选择特征中包含特征2则可根据rule1: if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21，向事实数据库中加入特征21
c.判断输入的事实数据库是否包含规则9-15的集合，如果包含则输出相应规则所对应的动物
如：经过上述规则1-8推导后的事实数据库为【4,5,21,22】，rule15 = [22, 4, 5]为其子集，则可判定动物为信天翁31
answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号，用空格隔开，回车结束输入：')
# 接收到的answer是一个字符串
answer = list(answer.split())
new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer]
print("事实库：",new_answer)
print("正向推理过程如下：")
if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule1：2->21\tif 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21')
new_answer.append(21)
if set(rule2)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule2：1->21\tif 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21')
new_answer.append(21)
if set(rule3)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule3：3->22\tif 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22')
new_answer.append(22)
if set(rule4)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule4：4+5->22\tif 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22')
new_answer.append(22)
if set(rule5)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule5：6->23\tif 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23')
new_answer.append(23)
if set(rule6)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule6：7+8+9->23\tif 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23')
new_answer.append(23)
if set(rule7)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule7：21+10->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24')
new_answer.append(24)
if set(rule8)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule8：21+11->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24')
new_answer.append(24)
print("正向推理结果为：",new_answer)
if set(rule9)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[24])
elif set(rule10)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[25])
elif set(rule11)<=set(new_answer):
print("if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[26])
elif set(rule12)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[27])
elif set(rule13)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[28])
elif set(rule14)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[29])
elif set(rule15)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[30])
逆向推理：
A.输入事实数据库，和目标动物
B.根据规则9-15将对应动物所需的事实导出
如，选择动物金钱豹25，则所需事实为：[21, 23, 12, 13]
C.循环遍历需要的事实列表，如**[21, 23, 12, 13]**。判断每一个元素是否在事实数据库中存在，如果存在则继续遍历，不存在则判断事实库中中是否包含能够推出此事实的规则，如：21可根据规则1、2推导出如果有则继续遍历，没有，则推理失败。
遍历所需事实列表结束且每个事实都能存在于事实数据库，则推理成功
animal=int(input('\n请选择动物的种类编号，回车结束输入：'))
answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号，用空格隔开，回车结束输入：')
# 接收到ans的wer是一个字符串
answer = list(answer.split())
new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer]
print("事实库：", new_answer)
print("逆向推理过程如下：")
real=[]
if animal==25:
print(features[animal-1],'rule9：25->21,23,12,13 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25')
real=rule9
elif animal==26:
print(features[animal-1],'rule10：26->21,23,12,114 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26')
real=rule10
elif animal==27:
print(features[animal-1],'rule11：27->24, 15, 16, 13 if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27')
real=rule11
elif animal==28:
print(features[animal-1],'rule12：28->24, 14 if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28')
real=rule12
elif animal==29:
print(features[animal-1],'rule13：29->22, 17, 16, 15, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29')
real=rule13
elif animal==30:
print(features[animal-1],'rule14：30->22, 17, 18, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30')
real=rule14
elif animal==31:
print(features[animal-1],'rule15：31->22, 4, 5 if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31')
real=rule15
key=0
for i in real:
if i in new_answer:
print(i)
continue
elif i ==21:
if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer) :
print("rule1:21->2 if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21")
continue
elif set(rule2)<=set(new_answer):
print("rule2:21->1 if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21")
continue
elif i==22:
if set(rule3) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule3:22->3 if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22")
continue
elif set(rule4) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule4:22->4,5 if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22")
continue
elif i == 23:
if set(rule5) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule5:23->6 if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23")
continue
elif set(rule6) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule6:23->7,8,9 if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23")
continue
elif i == 24:
if set(rule7) <= set(new_answer) :
print("rule7:24->21,10 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24")
continue
elif set(rule8) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule8:24->21,11 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24")
continue
else:
key=1
if key==0:
print("推导成功！")
elif key==1:
print("推导失败！")
四 完整代码
#特征，综合数据库
features = ["有奶", "有毛发", "有羽毛", "会飞", "会下蛋", \
"吃肉", "有犬齿", "有爪","眼盯前方", "有蹄", "嚼反刍",\
"黄褐色", "身上有暗斑点", "身上有黑色条纹", "有长脖子", \
"有长腿", "不会飞", "会游泳", "有黑白二色", "善飞",\
"哺乳动物", "鸟", "食肉动物", "蹄类动物", "金钱豹", "虎",\
"长颈鹿", "斑马", "鸵鸟", "企鹅", "信天翁"]
#规则库
rule1 = [2] # if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21
rule2 = [1] # if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21
rule3 = [3] # if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22
rule4 = [4, 5] # if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22
rule5 = [6] # if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23
rule6 = [7, 8, 9] # if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23
rule7 = [21, 10] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24
rule8 = [21, 11] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24
rule9 = [21, 23, 12, 13] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25
rule10 = [21, 23, 12, 14] # if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26
rule11 = [24, 15, 16, 13] # if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27
rule12 = [24, 14] # if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28
rule13 = [22, 17, 16, 15, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29
rule14 = [22, 17, 18, 19] # if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30
rule15 = [22, 4, 5] # if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31
print('以下是一些动物的特征：')
i = 0
while i < 24:
print('%d' %(i+1) +'.'+ features[i]+ ' ', end='')
i = i+1
if i % 8 == 0:
print('\n')
print('以下是可识别的动物：')
while i < 31:
print('%d' %(i+1) +'.'+ features[i]+ ' ', end='')
i = i+1
flag= int(input('\n请选择\n1:正向推理\n2:反向推理\n'))
if flag==1:
answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号，用空格隔开，回车结束输入：')
# 接收到的answer是一个字符串
answer = list(answer.split())
new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer]
print("事实库：",new_answer)
print("正向推理过程如下：")
if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule1：2->21\tif 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21')
new_answer.append(21)
if set(rule2)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule2：1->21\tif 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21')
new_answer.append(21)
if set(rule3)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule3：3->22\tif 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22')
new_answer.append(22)
if set(rule4)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule4：4+5->22\tif 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22')
new_answer.append(22)
if set(rule5)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule5：6->23\tif 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23')
new_answer.append(23)
if set(rule6)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule6：7+8+9->23\tif 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23')
new_answer.append(23)
if set(rule7)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule7：21+10->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24')
new_answer.append(24)
if set(rule8)<=set(new_answer):
print('rule8：21+11->24\tif 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24')
new_answer.append(24)
print("正向推理结果为：",new_answer)
if set(rule9)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[24])
elif set(rule10)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[25])
elif set(rule11)<=set(new_answer):
print("if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[26])
elif set(rule12)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[27])
elif set(rule13)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[28])
elif set(rule14)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[29])
elif set(rule15)<=set(new_answer):
print("if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31")
print("结果为：", end=" ")
print(features[30])
else:
print('识别失败！')
elif flag==2:
animal=int(input('\n请选择动物的种类编号，回车结束输入：'))
answer = input('\n请选择动物的特征编号，用空格隔开，回车结束输入：')
# 接收到ans的wer是一个字符串
answer = list(answer.split())
new_answer = [int(x) for x in answer]
print("事实库：", new_answer)
print("逆向推理过程如下：")
real=[]
if animal==25:
print(features[animal-1],'rule9：25->21,23,12,13 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是豹25')
real=rule9
elif animal==26:
print(features[animal-1],'rule10：26->21,23,12,114 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 是食肉动物23 and 有黄褐色12 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是虎26')
real=rule10
elif animal==27:
print(features[animal-1],'rule11：27->24, 15, 16, 13 if动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有长脖子15 and 有长腿16 and 有暗斑点13 then 动物是长颈鹿27')
real=rule11
elif animal==28:
print(features[animal-1],'rule12：28->24, 14 if 动物是有蹄类动物24 and 有黑色条纹14 then 动物是斑马28')
real=rule12
elif animal==29:
print(features[animal-1],'rule13：29->22, 17, 16, 15, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 有长脖子16 and 有长腿15 and 有黑白二色15 then 动物是鸵鸟29')
real=rule13
elif animal==30:
print(features[animal-1],'rule14：30->22, 17, 18, 19 if 动物是鸟22 and 不会飞17 and 会游泳18 and 有黑白二色19 then 动物是企鹅30')
real=rule14
elif animal==31:
print(features[animal-1],'rule15：31->22, 4, 5 if 动物是鸟22 and善飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是信天翁31')
real=rule15
key=0
for i in real:
if i in new_answer:
print(i)
continue
elif i ==21:
if set(rule1)<=set(new_answer) :
print("rule1:21->2 if 动物有毛发2 then 动物是哺乳动物21")
continue
elif set(rule2)<=set(new_answer):
print("rule2:21->1 if 动物有奶1 then 动物是哺乳动物21")
continue
elif i==22:
if set(rule3) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule3:22->3 if 动物有羽毛3 then 动物是鸟22")
continue
elif set(rule4) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule4:22->4,5 if 动物会飞4 and 会生蛋5 then 动物是鸟22")
continue
elif i == 23:
if set(rule5) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule5:23->6 if 动物吃肉6 then 动物是食肉动物23")
continue
elif set(rule6) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule6:23->7,8,9 if 动物有犀利牙齿7 and 有爪8 and 眼向前方9 then 动物是食肉动物23")
continue
elif i == 24:
if set(rule7) <= set(new_answer) :
print("rule7:24->21,10 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 有蹄10 then 动物是有蹄类动物24")
continue
elif set(rule8) <= set(new_answer):
print("rule8:24->21,11 if 动物是哺乳动物21 and 反刍11 then 动物是有蹄类动物24")
continue
else:
key=1
if key==0:
print("推导成功！")
elif key==1:
print("推导失败！")