-L -Wl,-rpath-link -Wl,-rpath区别精讲

目录

转载请注明出处,谢谢 https://www.cnblogs.com/tianknight/p/10648021.html

前言

关于gcc这三个参数,参考了诸多文档后,仍然理解上有偏差,仿照下面博客中的方法,自己调试了一波,总算是理解了。还是建议大家动手实践一下。

参考资料如下:

  • https://blog.csdn.net/q1302182594/article/details/42102961
  • https://blog.csdn.net/openme_openwrt/article/details/7860580

源码准备

新建三个文件:test.c hello.c world.c ,其源码依赖关系为:test.c 依赖 hello.c;hello.c 依赖 world.c

源码内容

test.c

#include <stdio.h>
void world(void);
void hello(void)
{
    printf("hello ");
    world();
}

hello.c

#include<stdio.h>
void hello(void);
void main(void)
{
    hello();
}

world.c

#include<stdio.h>
void world(void)
{
    printf("world.\n");
}

尝试编译,保证源码没有问题

# -o 指定输出文件
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c  test.c  world.c
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o hehe *.c
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hehe  hello.c  test.c  world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ./hehe 
hello world.

编译

首先编译world.c

# -shared 编译链接库
# -fPIC 我的理解是编译链接库时给代码动态分配内存
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -shared -fPIC -o libworld.so world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c  libworld.so  test.c  world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ldd libworld.so 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffd7498f000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcb49815000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcb49dea000)

#上述命令和下面的等价,建议选取单条命令即可:gcc -shared -fPIC -o libworld.so world.c
# -c 只激活预处理,编译,和汇编,也就是他只把程序做成obj文件
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -c -fPIC world.c 
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c  test.c  world.c  world.o
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -shared -fPIC -o libworld.so world.o
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c  libworld.so  test.c  world.c  world.o
[root@localhost testc]# ldd libworld.so 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffd0dfa9000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f4357dcb000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f43583a0000)

编译并链接hello.c

# -lxxx 指定需要动态链接的库文件
# -L 指定动态连接库文件的位置(编译时)
# . 指当前路径
# 下面编译出的libhello.so文件已经显式依赖libworld.so文件,但是没有找到libworld.so的位置
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -shared -fPIC -o libhello.so hello.c -lworld -L.
[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c  libhello.so  libworld.so  test.c  world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ldd libhello.so 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffe61b89000)
    libworld.so => not found
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007ff73cc1e000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007ff73d1f4000)

调试编译test.c

[root@localhost testc]# ls
hello.c  libhello.so  libworld.so  test.c  world.c

# 编译出错,提示找不到hello
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c 
/tmp/ccQCWcSW.o: In function 'main':
test.c:(.text+0x5): undefined reference to 'hello'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

# 添加libhello.so的链接索引,并指定库的搜索路径为'.'(当前路径)
# 依然编译失败,提示找不到libworld.so,该库被libhello.so依赖,并提示建议使用-rpath 或 -rpath-link解决
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L.
/usr/bin/ld: warning: libworld.so, needed by ./libhello.so, not found (try using -rpath or -rpath-link)
./libhello.so: undefined reference to 'world'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

# 手动添加libworld.so的依赖,编译通过,查看haha的链接库,已经显式指出依赖,但是没有找到其位置
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L. -lworld
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff556ea000)
    libhello.so => not found
    libworld.so => not found
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f1ff0c97000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f1ff106b000)

# 执行编译出的haha,执行报错,提示找不到依赖库
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha 
./haha: error while loading shared libraries: libhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

#修改系统环境变量'LD_LIBRARY_PATH',增加索引库的位置,查看依赖OK,执行haha, 结果OK, 清空'LD_LIBRARY_PATH'
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/testc/  && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/testc/
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffd647d2000)
    libhello.so => /home/testc/libhello.so (0x00007fb7aa063000)
    libworld.so => /home/testc/libworld.so (0x00007fb7a9e60000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fb7a9a8e000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fb7aa266000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha 
hello world.
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=  && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH

# 将-lworld 替换为 -Wl,-rpath-link=. ,编译OK,依然找不到索引库,添加LD_LIBRARY_PATH后,执行OK 
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L. -Wl,-rpath-link=.
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffdf67c0000)
    libhello.so => not found
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fbdbb94b000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fbdbbd1f000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha 
./haha: error while loading shared libraries: libhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/testc  && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/testc
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff89504000)
    libhello.so => /home/testc/libhello.so (0x00007fc9e75c6000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fc9e71f3000)
    libworld.so => /home/testc/libworld.so (0x00007fc9e6ff1000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fc9e77c9000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha 
hello world.
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=  && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH

# 将-Wl,-rpath-link=. 换成 -Wl,-rpath=. 编译OK, 查看链接库OK,执行OK 
# 修改LD_LIBRARY_PATH后,链接库的位置没有变化
[root@localhost testc]# gcc -o haha test.c -lhello -L. -Wl,-rpath=.
[root@localhost testc]# ls
haha  hello.c  libhello.so  libworld.so  test.c  world.c
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff86195000)
    libhello.so => ./libhello.so (0x00007f4c11254000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f4c10e81000)
    libworld.so => ./libworld.so (0x00007f4c10c7f000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f4c11457000)
[root@localhost testc]# ./haha 
hello world.
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/testc/  && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
/home/testc/
[root@localhost testc]# ldd haha 
    linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffc9f36c000)
    libhello.so => ./libhello.so (0x00007f35cf07c000)
    libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f35ceca9000)
    libworld.so => ./libworld.so (0x00007f35ceaa7000)
    /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f35cf27f000)
[root@localhost testc]# export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=  && echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH

结论

  • 编译时链接库需要分为两类: 直接引用 间接引用
  • 直接引用 被源码中直接调用的库
  • 间接引用 被调用库的依赖库
  • -lxxx 指定具体的库名称,编译时需要显式指定直接引用的库名称
  • -L 指定链接库的位置,编译时需要显式指定直接引用的库位置
  • -Wl,-rpath-link ,用于编译时指定间接引用的库位置
    如果知道所有间接引用的库文件名称,并且不嫌麻烦,也可以用-lxxx显式指定每一个库(不推荐-lxxx)
  • -Wl,-rpath ,有两个作用:
    1. 用于编译时指定间接引用的库位置,作用同-Wl,-rpath-link
    2. 用于运行时指定所有引用库的位置,作用同修改环境变量(LD_LIBRARY_PATH),并且库路径引用优先级高于LD_LIBRARY_PATH
  • 使用建议
    1. 编译命令中使用-Wl,-rpath-link 指定间接引用库位置(编译时),使用-Wl,-rpath 指定引用库位置(运行时)
    2. -Wl,-rpath-link 在 -Wl,-rpath 前
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